Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

a. Hydrogen bonding (dipole-dipole attraction) and London dispersion forces 

b. London dispersion forces 

c. Dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces 

d. Dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces

a. Ar : London dispersion forces 

b. Cl : London dispersion forces 

c. CCl₄ : London dispersion forces

d. HNO₃ : Flydrogen bonding (dipole-dipole attraction) and London dispersion forces.

The types of intermolecular forces are as follows:

1. Dipole-dipole interactions 

2. Ion-dipole interactions 

3. Dipole-induced dipole interactions 

4. Hydrogen bonding 

5. London dispersion forces

a. Polarizability is defined as the ability of an atom or a molecule to form momentary dipoles, that means, the ability of the atom or molecule to become polar by redistributing its electrons.

b. The electrostatic force of attraction between positively polarised hydrogen atom of one molecule and a highly electronegative atom (which may be negatively charged) of other molecule is called as hydrogen bond.

c. The pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is called aqueous tension.

d. Dipole moment (p) is the product of the magnitude of the charge (Q) and the distance between the centres of positive and negative charge (r). It is designated by a Greek Letter (p) and its unit is Debye (D).

The volume of the gas increases on heating if pressure is kept constant.

(i) D=M/V

The volume increases, with the increase of temperature. Therefore, density decreases with the rise of temperature.

(ii) As the temperature of a liquid is increased, the vapors pressure increases.

The spheres would start moving faster randomly and colliding with each other.

According to Boyle’s law, the size of the bubble of methane gas increases as it rises to the surface.

A liquid boils when its vapors pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. An increase in pressure on liquid, causes a rise in the boiling temperature of the Liquid.

There are various factors which contribute to human capital formation as discussed below: 

1. Education:

An educated individual has more knowledge and skills than an uneducated person. Hence, education imparts the neccessary attitude and aptitude for adopting new technologies and efficient management practices which help in raising productivity, education is an important factor in human capital formation. which leads to higher efficiency and productivity in human beings and thus highter income and standard of living which again facilitates further investment in education and health.

2. Health:

A sound mind in a sound body, like education, investment in health is also considered as an important factor for human capital formation as it directly increases the supply of healthy labour force. A healthy person is an asset for the nation as he is more productive than a sick person who is unable to work efficiently due to bad health.

Therefore, investment in health facilities to build a physically as well as mentally strong human capital is essential for increasing productivity. Preventive medicine (vaccination), curative medicine (medical intervention during illness), social medicine (spread of health literacy) and provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation are the various forms of health expenditures. Health expenditure thus is a source of human capital formation.

3. On the job training:

Firms provide on – the – job training to their workers to enhance their skills which helps in human capital formation. The workers may be trained in the firm itself under the supervision of a skilled worker or the workers may be sent for off-campus training, Expenditure regarding on – the job training is an important factor of human capital formation as the return of such expenditure in the form of enhanced labour productivity is more than the cost involved.

4. Migration:

It contributes to human capital formation as it facilitates utilisation of inactive skills of the people. People from rural areas, migrate to urban areas in search of employment. Technically qualified persons, like engineers and doctors, migrate to other countries because of higher earnings in such countries. Migration in both these cases involves cost of transport, higher cost of living in the migrated places and psychological costs of adapting to a new socio¬cultural setup. The increase in earnings in the new place outweighs the costs of migration. Hence, expenditure on migration is also a cause of human capital formation.

5. Information:

Information relating to the labour market and other markets is also a factor which contributes to human capital formation. Information regarding the level of salaries in various types of jobs, whether the educational institutions provide the required skills and at what is the associated cost is necessary to make decisions.

regarding investments in human capital as well as for efficient utilization of the acquired human capital stock Information is necessary to make decisions regarding investments in human capital.

Human development is far broader concept than human capital. Human development includes all those factors which led to welfare and development of society and its members whereas human capital focuses only on human beings and their contribution to the economy.

Human development includes overall property of human beings through education and health while human capital considers human beings as a source of increasing productivity of the economy.

No, the products of hydrolysis are XeOF₄ and XeO₂F₂ where the oxidation states of all the elements remain the same as it was in the reacting state.

Their inertness to chemical reactivity is attributed to the following reasons:

(i) The noble gases except helium (1s² ) have completely filled ns²p⁶ electronic configuration in their valence shell.

(ii) They have high ionization enthalpy and more positive electron gain enthalpy

Their inertness to chemical reactivity is attributed to the following reasons:

(i) The noble gases except helium (1s² ) have completely filled ns² p⁶6 electronic configuration in their valence shell.

(ii) They have high ionisation enthalpy and more positive electron gain enthalpy.

PbI₂ is formed but not PbI₄ because the iodide ion reduces Pb (IV) to Pb (II) and itself gets oxidised to I₂ and therefore PbI₁ is formed. (I^– ion cannot unpair p subshell of Pb)

The group 14 elements have four electrons in outermost shell and its electronic configuration is ns² np². They can form M⁴⁺ or M^4- ions to show ionic character or exhibit tetravalent covalent nature by sharing of four electrons in order to get stability. In the formation of M⁴⁺ or M^4- ions require huge amount of energy which is normally not possible. So, these elements do not form ionic bond rather they form covalent bonds in both oxidation states. Lead compounds in +2 state are stable and in +4 state are strong oxidising agents.

Substances showing similar chemical properties but different physical properties.

Zeolites are shape selective catalysts and used to convert alcohol into petroleum.

They are the alumino silicates and used as shape selective catalysts. Eg.ZSM-5

Factor services are provided by the family sector to the firms.

Business sector is the sector that produces with the help of means of production(Labour, Land, Capital, etc.) supplied by the family.

National income is an indicator of the progress of the country.

Net Investment = Gross investment – Depreciation.

Family sector supplies factor services to firms.

National income shows the effect of the government policies and programs of that country.

The final goods can be divided into two parts-

1. Consumption goods
2. Capital goods.

The information about the economic achievements of a country comes from the national income.

(a) Karl Marx

National income reflects the state and progress of a country’s economy.

According to Eiler’s Theorem, the complete distribution of all the production is done among the means of production.

Because of this, there is no possibility of double counting.

Correct answer is (a) stock

First sector – Family Sector
Second Sector- Business Sector.

This flow relates to 1 year duration from 1st April to 31st March.

Dual computation problem arises.

Following are the two sectors of circular flow of income model
(i) First Sector – Family Sector
(ii) Second Sector – Business Sector.

Correct answer is (b) flow

The earnings generated by productive economic actions, circulating among the business firms and families of a country, is called the circular flow.

The amount of a variable whose measurement is taken at a certain point of time.

Difference between Stack and Flow.

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