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Chennai Corporation.

The oldest urban local body in India is Chennai

In order to fulfil the requirements of the people and to involve them directly in governance, there is need for an effective system of local bodies.

1. Panchayat Awards are distributed by Ministry of Panchayat Raj, Government of India every year in the month of April.

2. Best performing panchayats are selected from all over India.

3. Panchayat that performs well in all aspects is chosen as Winners.

4. In 2018, Digambarpur in West Bengal became the best Grama Panchayat of India.

5. A survey was conducted to find out the best Grama Panchayat in India among 2.5 lakh Grama Panchayats.

6. Out of these, the Ministry of Panchayat Raj finalised three top states.

7. The ranking was prepared based on different seven factors that includes system of planning, quality of planning, different activities and level of co-ordination etc.

8. Finally it was Digambarpur chosen as the best one in the country.

9. Karnataka and Sikkim were the other two states that were finalised in top three.

10. In India, April 24th is celebrated as National Panchayat Raj Diwas every year. This day marks the passing of the constitution (73rd Amendment) Act; 1992 that came into force with effect from 24 April 1993.

Special features of Panchayat Raj .

1. Grama Sabha

2. Three tier local body governance.

3. Reservations

4. Panchayat elections

5. Tenure

6. Finance Commission

7. Account and Audit, etc.

The Urban local bodies are Categorized into City Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Town Panchayats.

The rural local bodies are Categorized into Village Panchayats, Panchayat Unions and District Panchayats.

1. Mayor of the City Municipal Corporation and the Municipal Chairperson are the elected representatives of the people.

2. The people elect them.

3. The Corporation Deputy Mayor and the Municipal Vice Chair-person are elected by the ward councillors.

The revenue of the City Municipal Corporation :

1. House Tax 

2. Water Tax 

3. Tax on shopping Complexes 

4. Professional Tax 

5. Entertainment Tax 

6. Vehicle charges 

7. Funds by Central and State governments, etc

(d) April 24

The elected representatives of the Village Panchayat are

1. Panchayat President

2. Ward members

3. Councillor

4. District Panchayat Ward Councillor.

1. The Grama Sabha meetings are Convened on January 26, May 1, August 15, and October 

2. 2. These days are celebrated as National festival days every year.

1. Local self government has been playing a vital role.

2. The local bodies provide services to the local community.

3. They act as an instrument of democratic self-government.

4. This level of government is recoginsed by the people as they are close to the citizens and involve them in the decision making process.

5. These institutions perform the functions related to education, sanitation, public health, industry, etc and try to tackle the day-to-day problems of the local people. In a big country like India, the Union government and State government are unable to know the local problems of the citizens. Only the local people can suggest the right solution to local problems.

6. These bodies lessen the workload of Central and State governments. They are the best schools of democracy.

7. Therefore the local bodies play an important role in the development of villages and cities.

1. Drinking-Water Supply 

2. Street Light 

3. Maintenance of Clean Environment 

4. Primary Health facilities 

5. Corporation Schools 

6. Birth and Death registration etc.

(a) Panchayat Union

The obligating functions of the Village Panchayat:

1. Water supply

2. Street lighting

3. Cleaning roads

4. Drainage and sewage pipes system

5. Laying down roads

6. Activation of Central and State Government Schemes.

1. There are 32 districts but there are only 31 districts panchayats because there is no such body for chennai.

2. It is because the district of chennai is falls in urban district. District rural development agency’s ex-officio chairman is the district collector.

3. In the state of Tamil Nadu there are total 32 districts including chennai but there is no district panchyat.

1. Village Panchayats are the local bodies of villages.

2. They act as a link between the people and the government.

3. Villages are divided into wards based on their population.

4. The representatives are elected by the people.

Correct option: (c) A city

From 1950, an era of economic growth and prosperity for most of the countries was started.

Revenue of Village Panchayats are 

1. House Tax 

2. Professional Tax 

3. Tax on shops 

4. Water charges 

5. Specific fees for property tax 

6. Specific fees for transfer of immovable property 

7. Funds from Central and State Governments, etc.

(i) I think in region A more resources are available.

(ii) I think in region A people are richer.

(iii) People may be happier in region A because of higher per capita income, less population below poverty line, more urbanisation, more net sown area under irrigation.

(iv) I do not think the given indicator or factors are enough to decide the standard of living because other important factors like literacy rate, enrolment ratio / dropout ratio, sex ratio, crime rate etc., are not taken into consideration.

(v) I will like to stay in region A because in this region per capita income is high, population below poverty line is low, percentage of urbanisation is highest, net sown and irrigated area is highest.

1. (2) b, c, d

2. (1) a, b, c

3. (4) a, b, d

4. (3) a, c, d

5. (3) a, c, d

The population problem is also a social problem and is related to illiteracy, superstitions, orthodoxy, pitiable condition of women, etc.

The following social measures must be undertaken: 

• Education: Improvement in education changes the attitude of people towards family, marriage, and the number of children. Mostly educated people delay their marriage and prefer to have small families. 
• Improvement in the conditions of women: Discrimination against women in social and economic life should be removed by the government.
• Raising the age of marriage: The marriage age of boys and girls should be raised and offenders should be punished by law.

To control the size of the population, economic measures can ensure a permanent solution. 

These measures are: 

• Expansion of industrial sector to shift the disguisedly unemployed people in rural areas to industries. 
• Creation of employment opportunities in rural areas by starting labor-intensive industries. 
• Equitable distribution of national income and removal of poverty, as the size of the family, is linked with poverty.

1. population explosion

2. social and religious obligations

3. son meta – preference

4. population growth and natural resources

5. working people to total population is high.

Role of human resource in economic development:

• Economic growth is only a means and human development is the end i.e. the objective of economic growth and development is to improve human conditions and enlarge people’s choices. 
• Human development increases political stability by reducing civil disturbances in society. 
• Human development leads to an increase in human productivity i.e., investment in nutrition, health, and education results in higher productivity. 
• Human development helps to control population growth, through increasing literacy specially in women. 
• Human resource development contributes to improvement in life expectancy and literacy rate. This further improves the quality of life. 
• Human resource development helps to bring about research and development. It motivates research in various educational institutions.

Population policy was implemented through the following programmes: 

• Family Planning Programme: Family planning refers to planned parenthood. It means limiting the size of the family by choice and not by chance. The family planning programme was introduced by the Government of India in 1952. 
• Family Welfare Programme: ‘Family Planning Programme’ was renamed as ‘Family Welfare Programme’ in 1979. It tried to implement family planning services with maternal, child health, and nutrition.
• National Population Policy, 2000: It was introduced in 2000 to control population and improve its quality by giving free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years, reduce infant and maternal mortality rate, universal immunization of children, delayed marriage for girls, etc.

Optimum population

a) T. B. Macaulay

Correct Answer : c) Munroe

b) Charter Act of 1813

Correct Answer is : a) 50

Correct Answer is : d) Dispatch

The Zamindars exploited the formers by collecting excess land tax. They never gave attention to improve the agricultural output. The tenant farmers were forced to pay their share even though crops had foiled. As a result, the agricultural output collapased. Apart from this, the company made formers further poor by forcing them to grow commercial crops that were needed for their factories. All this resulted in growth of bonded labour.

• Land was converted into a commercial commodity. 
• Incidents of sale and auction of land increased. 
• Since tax was being in cash, money gained importance. 
• To enhance their income, the landlords forced the farmers to grow commercial crops like cotton, jute, groudnuts and sugarcane instead of food crops. 
• Commercial crops were suitable for export and hence proved to be beneficial to the British. 
• Due to this, there was a severe shortage of food grains. 
• Different types of peasant classes surfaced in the landlord system.

• The total members at the India council of Secretary of state was increased. 
• The tenure of membership was fixed at five years. 
• An Indian High commissioner was posted in London.

Correct Answer is : c) Village

The agreement reached between Lord Cornwallis and the landlords on the system of collection of tax is called Permanent Land Reform Act.

Governor General Cornwallis introduced this system.

• This Act became the base of British administration in India. 
• This also gave a constitution to East India company.

• According to this act, eligible Indians could be made part of the government programmes. 
• The number at central Legislative Assembly increases. 
• Similarly, the regional assemblies were also expanded.

• To increase their income, zamindars insisted on cultivating crops like cotton Jute, Peanut, Tobacco, Sugarcane and other commercial crops instead of food crops. 
• It was profitable for the British as the commercial crops would get exported. It resulted in food shortage.

Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• India is going through a population explosion because in the postindependence period, the death rate has been falling rapidly and the birth rate is falling slowly and still remains very high. So, the survival rate is high. 
• India is the second-largest country in the world. 
• Between 1951 to 1971 population increased from 36.1 crores to 54.8 i.e. the population has increased more than 3 times in 2011 to 121.02 crores during these three decades. The annual population growth rate was more than 2%. 
• That is why India is experiencing a population explosion.

• The main reason for India becoming a poor country during the British rule was the transfer of enormous wealth of the nation to England. 
• The huge profits gained by the British citizens through investments in various areas was another source of loss of wealth.

Adam Smith described the British in India as plunderers.

• The British needed huge amount of money to fund their was expenses and salary expenses of their staff. 
• Particularly the British officers were drawing huge salaries.