Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is (b) Management is a goal oriented process

because management aims on achieving goals/target.

Correct option is (b) Functional differentiation

It refers to influencing others in such a manner to do what the leader wants them to do.

It refers to that process which excites people to work for the attainment of a desired objective.

It refers to bringing the actual results closer to the desired results.

According to Harold Koontz, “Management is the art of getting things done through others and with formally organised groups.”

This definition of management reveals that:

i. Management is an art.

ii. Management is getting results successfully.

iii. Management is getting things done through others. iv. Management is getting things done with others.

A set of accepted principles and standards that guides how a business should behave and operate is called business ethics.

A price for a good/service that is fair for both the parties i.e. buyer and seller is called fair, reasonable price.

The services and contribution that a business receives from the society right from its establishment to its expansion can be considered as society’s obligation to business. The responsibility of the business to perform such social duties which can return these obligations to the society is called social responsibility of the business.

Preservation of air and other gases i.e. is atmosphere as a part of environmental responsibility.

The unit before releasing the pollutants should treat them well so that they do not harm the atmosphere. Smoke, fumes and harmful chemicals coming out of industries can deteriorate atmosphere and air equality.

• Actually, social responsibility is optional. However, business units did not adhere to it. So, in 2013, government through the Companies Act, 2013 enforced social responsibility to be fulfilled by company for some sections of society.
• As per article 135 of Companies Act, 2013, from 1st April, 2014, companies having yearly turnover of more than ₹ 1000 crore and having a net value more than ₹ 500 crore OR having more than ₹ 5 crore profit in the previous financial year will have to mandatorily perform its social responsibility. Such company will have to spend at least 2% of average profit of previous 3 years or of current financial year for activities related to social responsibilities.
• If the company is unable to do so it will have to avoid a valid reason and financial report for company’s inability to spend.
• The Companies Act, 2013 has recommended the companies and large business houses to form a ‘Social responsibility committee’ of at least 3 members in their office who would look after the ways to invest company’s money in fulfilling the task of social responsibility. Moreover, the ministry of Law has emphasized companies to become socially responsible company for a better tomorrow.

As per article 135 of Companies Act 2013; companies having yearly turnover of more than Rs. 1000 crore and having a net value more than Rs. 500 crore OR having more than Rs. 5 crore profit in the previous financial year will have to mandatorily perform its social responsibility. Such company will have to spend at least 2% of average profit of previous 3 years or of current financial year for activities related to social responsibilities.

Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

Laws that are made by the parliament is called ordinary law.

It is basic and fundamental law of country, it determines the organization and functions of government out in written or unwritten form.

The rights enable every citizens to earn their livelihood.

Civil equality, Political Equality, Social Equality, National Equality, Economic Equality etc.,

• Moral Rights 
• Legal Rights. 
• Civil Rights. 
• Political Rights. 
• Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those based on the ethical code of morality of people. 

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state. 

3. civil Rights: are those rights that enable the individual to lead a normal life in society. 

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government. 

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

1. National Liberty: It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of men in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modern social life. 

2. Civil liberty: It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state. 

3. Political Liberty: This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty: Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are maningless and useless. It; means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in livelihood. 

5. National Liberty: This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is indepent.

1. Natural Law: Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no law s to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law: It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law: It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law: It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law: International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law: National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the State applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law: It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws: Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws: It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

There are different kinds of law the important among them are: National law, International law, constitutional law, common law, ordinary law, and administrative law, etc.,

It is sometimes said liberty and authority of the state as opposed to each other. But liberty doesn’t mean that unlimited right of a man to do whatever he likes. The liberty of one should not infringe on the freedom of others.

Freedom is secured through such rules and regulations. Political authority makes and enforces the law. Absolute authority will destroy liberty. Authority is the basis of liberty.

It is one of the most important elements of the sate. Bodin for the first time discussed sovereignty in the modem sense. It is the supreme power of the state.

As we live in society, we have to observe certain rules and regulations otherwise living in society will be impossible. Therefore every going out makes rules and regulations to maintain peace and order in society. The law is framed and enforced by the state to regulate the activities of citizens and to keep them within certain limits.

There are two opposite views regarding the relation between equality and liberty.

Lord Action maintained that liberty and equality are opposite to each other. But it is clear that this view is based on an interpretation of liberty as unrestricted freedom and equality as absolute equality. Hence this is wrong view.

Acc to second view, it is important to note that equality and liberty are complementary to each other. Liberty and Equality are just like two faces of same community liberty depends upon the state and laws.

In a literal sense, equality means that all human beings are equal. Equality doesn’t mean absolute equality. In a negative sense equality means the absence of special privileges. This means that there shall be no discriminations made on basis of caste, religion, colour, wealth, gender, etc. In a positive sense, equality means availability of adequate opportunities to all for self-development.

1. Natural Equality: It implies that nature has created all men equal. It can also be defined that it insists on removing all man-made and artificial inequalities and treat all equally.

2. Civil and legal Equality: Implies that all are equal before law and all are protected equally irrespective of caste, class, colour, race, etc.,

3. Political Equality: Implies that all the citizens, irrespective any type of difference are entitled to participate in the affairs of state. All have equal voice in the government. It is based on principle of universal adult Franchise.

4. Economic Equality: Implies removal of inequalities based on wealth and insists on certain minimum standard of income to all to meet their basic needs.

5. Social Equality: Implies every individual without any discrimination must be given equal opportunity for the development of their personalities.

The book written by Jean Bodin is “Six books on the republic”.

It is the freedom of the individual to earn his livelihood.

Badin advocated Internal Sovereignty.

It means by nature all are equal.

It means equal rights to participate in the affairs of the state.

Internal and External Sovereignty.

Jean Bodin introduced Sovereignty in the modem sense.

A state is empower to enact, enforce and interpret the laws with in its jurisdiction is called internal sovereignty.

Hugo Grotius was the proponent of external sovereignty.

According to Holland ‘Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by sovereign political authority.'

1. Internal sovereignly. 

2. External sovereignty.

The term law has been derived from the Teutonic root ‘lag’, means something fixed.

National law is the other name of municipal law.

Absoultenegs permanence, universality, indivisibility exclusiveness originality are the attributes of sovereignty.

According to Burgess “Sovereignty is original, absolute and unlimited power over the individual and all associations”.

It means there should be no discrimination on the basis of birth or family background.

France Revolution (1789) uphelds the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Natural Liberty, Civil Liberty, Political Liberty, Economic Liberty, National Liberty.

Ordinance are executive orders which promulgates by the president when parliament is not in session.

All men are said to be born equal. This is natural equality. Human beings differ in their natural abilities and faculties.

Parliament enacts laws in India.

It means the removal of all inequalities and equal distribution of wealth.