Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Rights are the freedom given to individuals to do and undo certain things with status permission.

Moral law is based on ethical code of morality of the people.

The root word of liberty is the Latin word; Liber’ which means free.

Liberty’ is the power of a man to do anything that does not injure others.

1. Natural Liberty. 

2. Civil Liberty. 

3. Political Liberty. 

4. Economic Liberty.

A state is independent from other states and can have foreign policy with its neighbouring states is called external sovereignty.

A system in which administration carried on in accordance with the law is called rule of law.

They are based on an ethical code of morality of the people. It is not enforced by state law.

Negative and Positive aspects.

1. Right to work 

2. Right to adequate wages.

A law which deals with the civil service matter and comes under administrative tribunals is called administrative law.

It means unrestricted freedom of the individual to do what he likes.

1. Liberty means the absence of restraint on freedom of thought speech and action. 

2. Liberty without any restraint is a license. 

3. It means political freedom as opposed to political slavery. 

4. In its positive aspect, it is the freedom to do a thing. 

5. In its negative aspect, it means restraints on doing something. 

6. Liberty can be safeguarded only in the state. 

7. Liberty means freedom individual to do what he likes without injuring similar liberty of others.

Case law is a law made by courts.

Right is a facility given by the legal authority7 to develop the individual personality of the citizens.

According to Bosanquet “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state”.

Legal rights are the rights which have a legal binding and are protected and recognised by state.

Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. There are called as duties. 

The duties are broadly divided into moral and legal duties. 

The important general duties of a citizen are:

1. Loyalty to the state: Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to protect and promote unity and integrity of the state.

2. Obedience to Law: Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion and disorder. The laws are made for the welfare of the citizens.

3. Payment of taxes: Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest Exercise of the Right to Vote: This enables citizens to elect going out of their choice which works for their development, welfare, security, protection, etc.,

Ordinances are the executive laws which promulgates by the president to meet the unforeseen situations when parliament is not in session.

Political liberty means to be active in the affairs of the state. It can only be possible when the government is carried on in accordance with the will of the people. Political Liberty can be attained by the exercise of the four main rights.

1. Right to vote. 

2. Right to contest in the election. 

3. Right to criticize the government. 

4. Right to hold Public office.

Political liberty means the right of the people to participate in the governance of the country.

It is the basic law that determines the organization and functions of the government.

It means the freedom of the individual.

1. Respect for individuals: Liberty is essential for every individual to be at his best self, subject, to legal limitations.

2. Respect for laws: Liberty is required to put down any kind of dominance within a civil society where all enjoy equal liberty and invasion of liberty of a person is nothing but a violation of liberty which is visited by penalty or punishment.

3.Respect for fellow being: The fear of punishment in case of violation of the liberty of others; makes one respect the feelings of others thereby ensuring respect for fellow beings.

4. Promotes co-operation and understanding: Liberty ensures individuals to develop harmony, brotherhood, and understanding based on mutual necessity and co-operation.

• Moral Rights 
• Legal Rights.
• Civil Rights. 
• Political Rights. 
• Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those which based on the ethical code of morality of people. 

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state. 

3. civil Rights: are those rights which enable the individual to lead a normal life in society. 

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government. 

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

1. Right to vote. 

2. Right to contest for election.

1. Right to vote. 

2. Right to contest for election.

1. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. 

2. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

It means equality before the law.

It is liberty available to the citizens inside society or state.

It is the freedom of the nation from outside control.

The negative aspect, of equality, means the absence of special privileges. All barriers of birth, wealth, caste and sex should be removed in social and political life. Rights should be enjoyed – in common by all.

In its positive aspect equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for self-development to all adequate opportunities that can be given to everyone to develop the personality.

1. Popular sovereignty means the ultimate authority or supreme power of the state is vested in the people. In a democracy the sovereignty will be in the hands of people. 

2. Civil, Political and Economic equality is assured in a democracy, all rights are provided to every citizen without any discrimination. It ensures equality before the law. 

3. It gives importance to human personality. It recognise the worth of every individual every citizen has a voice in going out and its policies.

1. Self-respect: In the absence of discrimination, all can develop as they wish, thus ensuring respect for individual personality.

2. Promotes Co-operation: When all are treated equal in the eyes of law, people can lead a life based on cooperation and understanding, develop harmony, which will lead to the brotherhood.

3. Prevents revolution: When all are treated equal, they can pursue what they consider best and it would prevent revolutionary tendencies from taking over the system.

1. Law mirrors the wishes of the people. 

2. Law is coercive and disobedience of law invites punishment.

a. Right to Vote: All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

b. Right to contest election: All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government. 

c. Right to Enter Government Service: In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications. 

d. Right to petition: It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies. 

e. Right to Criticism: It is one of the bigget boon of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

1. Right to live: All people born in society have the right to live. The main responsibility of the state is to provide security of life to the people. 

2. Right to Liberty: All the people living in the state have the right to travel freely all over the country. They can reside anywhere as they desire. 

3. Right to Religion: All the citizens have the freedom to practice or propagate any religion they want. 

4. Right to Culture and Education: All the citizens have the right to protect, develop and practice their own culture. The right to education has been granted, to enable a person to develop and improve his or her personality.

5. Right to Association: All the citizens have the freedom to form the different types of association as per their needs and aspirations. 

6. Right to Family: Family is an integral part of human existence. Every individual has the right to marriage, to bring up children and to continue his generation.

National law is the branch of law that applies within the territory of the state. All persons living within the state shall obey national laws. Its violation is punishable international law is the law which regulates the relations of sovereign states with another.

International law has force only to the extent to which it is recognized and voluntarily accepted by the different states of the world.

1. Customs: Customs is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct observed by people in society. When the state was established, these customs received recognition and became laws.

2. Religion: In many countries, religion is the basis of the law and it lies as the root of many national legal systems. 

3. Equity: It refers to the principles of equality, fairness, and justice in which judges apply. When existing laws provide no relief in a particular case, judges apply the principle of equity.

4. Judicial decisions: Judges interpret mould and extend the existing laws. Such decisions of the judges later become precedents judicial precedents supplement the law and are applied in the future cases of a similar kind.

5. Scientific commentaries: These are scientific discussions by eminent jurists or lawyers. It is an important source of material for lawmakers.

6. Legislation: It means the enactment and promulgation of laws by the legislature. It forms an important source of law.

Customs: It is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct. Habits and usage in families clans and tribes must have become well established and thus customs have been the earliest means of social regulation.

Religion: In premitive societies custom was law was religious. Religious principles were the basis of the formation of most customs. Custom rules based on religion could not be violated. In India, Hindu law is based on the code of Manu. The Muslim law derives itself from the Quran. The influence of Christianity and the Bible in framing the laws of various western countries cannot be denied.

The sovereignty of the state is absolute means it is subject to no legal limitations either internally or externally without this absolute power no state can exist.

1. Development of personality: Rights describe the do’s and don’ts of civilized life and this helps an individual to develop his personality. 

2. Symbol of national prestige: The quality Of rights in a country symbolizes the quality of its rules and people. 

3. Respect for fellow beings: Rights guarantees respect for fellow citizens. 

4. Protection against government: Rights guarantees protection against government action.

1. Natural Law: Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior. 

2. Constitutional law: It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law: It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law: It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority. 

5. International Law: International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law: National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law. 

7. Private law: It determines the relation between citizens. 

8. Public laws: Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states. 

9. Case laws: It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

The rights which enable every citizens to earn their livelihood are called economic rights.

Following are the important economic rights.

1. Right to work – Every person is free to work at his choice. 

2. Right to property – Every person is free to earn, enjoy and sale the property. 

3. Right to leisure – the persons who are working are permitted to enjoy leisure time during working hours. 

4. Right to material security – All the states have provided material security against old age, sickness, disability, unemployment, etc. 

5. Right to contract – All the individuals are free to enter into agreement with others within the framework of law.

The word law is derived from the Teutonic word Tag’ which means something fixed.

Acc to John Austin: “a command given by a superior to an inferior.”

Accordingly to Woodrow Wilson “Law is that position of established thought and habit which . has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules.”

Characteristics of law: 

• Laws regulate the external behaviour of man in an organized society. 
• Laws are universally applicable to all individuals living in the state. 
• Laws are enforced by the state. 
• Breaking of law invites punishment. 
• Ignorance of laws is accepted as a ground for the exemption from the applicant of laws.

Indivisible means sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty means destruction of sovereignty.

International law is a law that governs by a sovereign authority. It depends upon the acceptance and obedience of sovereign states.

A legal sovereign is a person or body of persons in a state which is the supreme law-making authority disobedience to law result in punishment.

The characteristics are :

• The legal sovereign is always definite and determinate. 
• It may be in the hands of a single individual or body of individuals. 
• It is legal expression of the will of the state. 
• Legal sovereign grants the rights. 
• Political sovereignty: It is the power behind the legal sovereignty.

The legal sovereign simply makes laws: The wishes of political sovereign who can’t express the will of the state. It is not so easy to define political sovereign. It is unorganized and unknown to law. Political sovereign and legal sovereign concide in direct democracy.

Dejure and Defacts Sovereignty.

Dejure: Sovereignty means sovereignty by law. In Other words, dejure is the lawful and legitimate sovereign. It is legally constituted and has the basis and authority of law. It has legal right to govern.

Defacto: Sovereignty is which has no legal basis because it is not recognized by law but exists on fact. Defacto comes to power usually by force. If it manages to stick to power and show that he can rule he becomes dejure sovereign.

Titular Sovereignty and Real Sovereignty: Titular has the power but he won’t use it but somebody else will use. For eg: King or Queen of England and the President of India. The council of ministers is the real soveregin and occupy a highly dignified and privileged position in the state. In a presidential system, there is no difference because the president himself exercises his powers and functions.

1. Identifies the nation-state: Sovereignty has contributed to the identity and status of the nation-state. 

2. Sovereignty gives freedom to the state: Sovereignty increases the freedom of nation-state, so as to decide on its domestic and foreign policy. 

3. Allows progress: Sovereignty provides motivation for each nation to achieve progress. 

4. Promotes nationalism: Sovereignty promotes national spirit and allows love for the nation. 

5. Allows the state to exercise coercive power: Sovereignty monopolies the state internally and externally.

It means sovereignty can’t be transferred. It cannot transferred to another, authority.