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Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda

Nalanda University which was in present Bihar, was a popular university for six centuries since Gupta period. It was the most famous university of ancient times. Students were coming from places like China, Japan to study here. It had eight schools and three big libraries. Though Buddhism was the major subject of study, subjects like Yoga, Veda, Medicine and others were also taught. Hiuen Tsang spent many years in this university.

In Nalanda, there were no fees for Education, Boarding and Lodging. To bear the running expenses of the university, revenue from hundred villages was pledged. Harshavardhana was one of the chief patrons of this university. Students life was disciplined and great scholars were among the faculty.

‘Si-yu-ki’ means ‘Record of the western kingdom’.

1. Dantidurga

2. Tailapa – II

3. Halayudha

4. Shantipurana

5. Vikramaditya – VI

6. Basaveshwara

The kailashanath temple at ellora, built by Krishna is a monolothic wonder. This temple has carved from a rock 100 feet high, 276 feet long and 154 feet wide.

1. Kavirahasya

2. Rajadhiraja

3. Manasollasa

4. Durgasimha

5. Amoghavarsha

6. mahasandhivigrahi

7. Shrivijaya

8. Kalachuri Bijjala.

1. Agraharas and mathas were the prominent educational centers in those days. 

2. Knowledge was imparted about sanksrit the vedas, Astrology, logic and the puranas. 

3. Salotgi in indi taluk of Bijapur district was one of the leading centers of learning.

1. He built a new city called kalyana and made it his capital. 

2. He defeated Rajadhiraha in koppam.

1. Literature received encouragement during the period of the chalukyas 

2. Kannada literature prospered with the support of jain rulers. 

3. The notable works of this period are ‘gadayuddha’ writtem Ranna, ‘panchatantra’ written by Durga simha ‘vikramankadeva charita’ composed Bilhana etc.. 

4. The unique contribution has been the vachana literature.

Mints were set up in lakkundi and sudi to mint coins like gadyana, pana, dhrumma, pon and suvarna.

(C) Iltutmish

This book was written by Abul Fazl, the minister and one of the Nine jewels at Akbar’s court. It was part of a large project of history writing commissioned by Akbar. Ain-i- Akbari is regarded as a precious source material for knowing the , administration and culture during the reign of Akbar. The Ain-i-Akbari is divided into five books. The first book deals with the imperial household. The second book deals with the servants of the emperor, the military and civil services. The third book deals with the imperial administration. It consists of the regulations for the judicial and executive departments, and the divisions of the empire. The fourth book contains information about the Hindu philosophy, science, social customs and literature. The fifth book contains the wise sayings of Akbar. This also contains an account of the ancestry and biography of the author.

(A) Port cities

(A) Qutbuddin Aybak

Shankaracharya was an advocate of Adwaita

Solakhambti mosque is in Bidar.

Ibrahim Adil Shah was the great king of the Adil Shahi sultans.

1. Gulbarga 

2. Mohammed Shah III 

3. Islamic

4. Indo – Islamic 

5. Firoz shah 

6. Bande nawaz

The five Shahi dynasties are: 

1. Adil Shahs of Vijaypur (Bijapur) (1489-1510) 

2. Barid Shahs of Bidar (1489-1619) 

3. Qutub Shahs of Golkonda (1512-1687) 

4. Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar ( 1490-1636) 

5. Imad Shahs of Berar (1490-1580)

Ibrahim Ranza is called as the Taj Mahal of south India.

• Ibrahim Adil Shah II had a title called ‘Jagadguru Badshah’. He was tolerant of other religions. 
• He sheltered many Hindu philosophers, poets and musicians in his court. 
• He renovated Datta temples in his fort and encouraged pooja rituals. 
• He worked for the cultural harmony of Hindu-Muslim. 
• He wrote a book called ‘Ki

It is the fourth largest dome in the world and the first largest dome in India.

• Mohammed Gawan captured Hubbalh, Belagavi and Goa from Vijayanagar empire. 
• Administration was according to the Islamic laws. 
• He encouraged revenue and postal services. 
• He fixed taxes on the basis of land’s fertility and irrigation facility. Tax was being collected in cash only. 
• He removed the taxes which were annoying the people. 
• As a philosopher himself, he founded Madarasa (university) in Bidar. It encouraged Islamic religion and law education. 
• Mohammed Gawan contributed a lot in making the Bahmani kingdom great.

Ibrahim adil Shah II had the title Jagadguru Badshah.

In the latter vedic period, a person’s social position was decided by the vama into which he was bom rather than by his achievements.

Many people realized that every person is free to find ways of his own upliftment and this led to the establishment of new religions.

b) Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar

After Tippu’s death, Mysuru came under the rule of British. Later it was handed over Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.

As the British felt that Krishnaraja Wodeyar III did not properly suppress the revolt of Bidnauru of Shivamogga, they dethroned the king and brought the administration of Mysuru under a commissioner.

• Cherikkal,
• Brahmswam
• Devaswam

Kola Swaroopam (Kolathunadu) Nediyiruppu Swaroopam (Eranadu) Perumpadappu Swaroopam (Kochi) Thrippapur Swaroopam (Venadu)

The system of tax, the Mysore Sultans had developed was based on the total production from the land, of which a share was fixed to be collected as tax. Later the British conducted a land survey, divided the land in terms of acres and cents, and allotted them survey numbers. Similar land surveys were conducted in Kochi and Travancore. In Kochi, it was known as Kettezhuthu and in Travancore, Kandezhuthu. Accordingly, tax was fixed on the assessed land.

The Nadus were under the Perumalswho ruled Kerala with their capital at Mahodayapuram (present Kodungaloor). All the 14 nadus from Kolathunadu in the north to the Venad in the south accepted the rule of the Perumal’s. It was during this period that a centralized rule came into being in Kerala for the first time. Rulers from Rajasekharan to Ramakulasekharan ruled during 800 -1122 CE with Mahodayapuram as their capital. Let us examine the characteristics of the rule of the Perumal’s.

• Perumal’s had representatives called Koyiladhikarikal.
• In the matters of administration, the Perumals were assisted by Naluthali, the council of Brahmins.
• Perumal’s had a militia called Ayiram (Thousand).
• Perumal’s levied taxes from the Nadus, Nagaras (Towns), Brahmin Gramas, Temples, etc.

(a) A1 Biruni

(b) Ziauddin Barani.

Brihadishwara temple premises.

Tavarikh or Tarikh.

(a) Royal edicts

(b) Verdicts

Correct answer is: Paramanand

(a) Devanagari

(b) Arabic

Correct answer is:Travelogues

(a) A1 Biruni

(b) Ibn Batuta

Malayalam was influenced by the language of the people who had come through the sea route for trade. Influence of the Arabs led to the development of Arab- Malayalam literature.

Anjuvannam and Manigramam are the trade guilds existed in medieval Kerala till the 14^th century. They were active in both sea and land trade.

• Its propagators were the saints who were Bhakti poets.
• Challenged the conservative Brahmanictraditions.
• Provided representation to the lower castes and women.
• Rendered contributions in the field of culture and music.

1. travelogues

2. sequence of events

3. impartiality and neutrality

4. inscription

5. Bakhar

• Mirabai
• Lalded
• Bhahinabai
• Akka Mahadevi

The Sufis were those who showed reluctance to luxurious life and gave predominance to spiritual life. They consider devotion as a means to reach close to the God.

They preached to respect all human beings. The Sufi saint was known as Pir or Shaikh and his follower Murid. The residences of the Sufis are known as Khanqahs. The devotional songs reciting in the Sufi centers are the Qawwalis.