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1. The experience of the USSR inspired people all over the world who were committed to the ideals of equality and national liberation. 

2. Many of them like Manavendra Nath Roy, Rabindranath Tagore, and Jawaharlal Nehru were inspired by it even though they did not agree with many aspects of communism like suppression of opposition political parties, etc.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

1. There were many economies that collapsed after World War II. 

2. The USA came up with the Marshall Plan to fund the economic revival of West European countries.

3. The USSR came up with a package for the revival of East European countries.

People could now be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures. The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity. These powers were used to arrest and torture millions of political activists, trade unionists and people of minority communities and build a state of unprecedented horror and fear.

The situations that led to strengthening Nazim in Germany: 

1. The burden of paying war-damages.
2. Inflation increased. 
3. The economy was worst hit by depression. 
4. Unemployment increased. 
5. Savings of the people diminished.
6. Small businessmen were ruined. 
7. Big businessmen were in a crisis. 
8. Organized workers could manage to survive.
9. Peasants were affected by fall in agricultural prices. 
10. Women were unable to feed their children. 
11. No stable rule.

1. According to Hitler’s ideology, women were radically different from men. 

2. The democratic idea of equal rights for men and women was wrong and would destroy society. 

3. While boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel-hearted, girls were told that they bad to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children.

Germany was divided into two portions. 

1. The Eastern Part – GDR. 

2. The Western Part – FDR.

1. USSR was not integrated with the international market. 

2. It had a planned economy. 

3. The state decided what and how much has to be produced. 

4. This enabled them to maintain a balance between demand and supply.

1. World War -1, ended with the Allies defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918. 

2. The Peace Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating treaty. 

3. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 percent of its territories, 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania. 

4. The Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to 6 billion.

a) U.S.A issued this poster. 

b) War bonds were offered by the U.S.A. Government for purchase by the public to fulfill the military operations and other expenditure in times of war. 

c) The three young children, apprehensive and fearful, as they are enveloped by the large dark arm of swastika shadow. 

(OR) 

Simply, Germany is going to occupy the U.S.A also. 

d) This war bonds poster was published during the time of second World War.

1. German economy was the worst hit by the Great Depression. 

2. This economic crisis created deep anxieties and fears in people. 

3. Hitler and his Nazi party used this situation in an intelligent manner. 

4. Hitler, by his words and passion, moved the people. 

5. He promised them to construct a strong Germany in all aspects. 

6. He devised a new style of politics and attracted people. 

7. As a result of this, the Nazi Party has become the largest party by 1932. 

8. By passing the Enabling Act in 1933, Hitler became the dictator of Germany. Nazi government had become most powerful.

The 1990-2000 saw multiple clashes and causes of tensions among Hindus and Muslims in India. In 1990s, there was mobilisation with regards to the Ayodhya dispute. In 1992, the Babri Masjid was demolished by religious fundamentalists and led to death of many people in Ayodhya. The demolition led to the BJP led State government in Uttar Pradesh being dismissed and President’s Rule being implemented, along with other BJP ruled States. A case against the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh was registered in the Supreme Court. There were subsequent Hindu-Muslim riots in Mumbai. In 2002, a train bogey carrying kar sewaks from Ayodhya was set on fire in Godhra in Gujarat and Muslims were suspected of doing so. This led Hindu-Muslim riots in the State that carried on for more than a month. These incidents led to a permanent dent in the secular fabric of India.

Hindu Mahasabha was a Hindu nationalist organisation. It is said that this Sabha was formed to protect the rights of Hindus when India was under British dominance.

The two features of coalition are:

i. The aim of the coalition is to increase power and form a majority government.

ii. Coalition allows for diversity in ideology in the government.

Other backward classes refer to the administrative category and are social communities other than SC and ST, who suffer from educational and social backwardness. These communities began to be dis-illusion with the Congress and began to shift their support from Congress to other non-Congress parties. Mandal politics gave rise to multiple political parties formed on the basis of caste aspirations and they began to receive support from these communities. The parties began to perform considerably well in elections and either formed or supported government in State and Centre.

Changes in the Russian Society: 

1.  The immediate change was the elimination of the democratic provisional councils called Soviets in various larger cities. 
2.  Under Bolshevik rule Russia got out of World War – II. 
3.  A Socialist system was imposed on the country which all but the smallest businesses were taken over by the government. 
4. Land was redistributed to peasant farmers and food distribution was temporarily improved. 
5.  Soon though, many people became disenchanted with the Bolsheviks and the Russian Civil war broke out in 1918 and lasted until 1920. 

Challenges they faced: 

1.  Famines 
2.  Resistances 
3.  Low standards of living 
4.  The Great Depression 
5.  Unemployment 
6.  Lack of educational facilities 
7.  Cheap public health care, etc.

1. Russian socialist revolution in 1917 took place in two phases – March 1917 and November 1917. 

2. 10,000 women took procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’ and supported by many later. 

3. In just two days Tsar Nicolas II abdicated throne and provisional government was set up in search 1917. 

4. It wished to continue the war and economic shortage was not addressed. 

5. Soviets (the councils of peasants, workers and soldiers) were organised by Bolshevik leader Lenin.

6. They seized political power from provisional government. 

7. They took steps to end the war and redistributed land. 

8. They made control over prices and nationalized industries, banks, etc. 

9. They suppressed the long-drawn civil wars. 

10. By 1924, the USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed.

The consequences of the World War that may happen after the Second World War are 

1. Huge loss of life on the earth 

2. Destruction of properties 

3. Increase of environmental damage 

4. The existence of life becomes difficult

As the decade of the eighties came to a close, the country witnessed six main issues that were to make a long-lasting impact on our politics.

i. End of the Congress System

ii. Mandal issue

iii. New economic reforms

iv. Babri Masjid issue

v. Rise of BJP

vi. Rise of Coalition government

A) Hindu Maha Sabha

Kanshi Ram was an employee in the Central government but left it for political and social work. He was the founder of BAMCEF, DS-4 and the BSP in 1984. He regarded political power as means to attain social equality. He is credited with the upliftment of Dalits in political space in north Indian States. The BSP began as a small party supported largely by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. In the 1989 and the 1991 elections, it was able to have a strong electoral showing in Uttar Pradesh. It derived support from Dalits, Other Scheduled Castes and tribes and religious minorities. It has formed government on more than one occasion in Uttar Pradesh.

Rajiv Gandhi was killed on 21^st May, 1991 which resulted in the change of leadership in Congress Party. Congress won the 1991 elections and Narsimha Rao was elected as the Prime Minister. It was the first moment after Lal Bahadur Shastri, that someone became a leader, who was not a part of the Nehru family.

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E. 

2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E. 

3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer. 

4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer. 

5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

On March 8th 1917, around 10,000 women of the capital, St Petersburg, took out a procession demanding ‘Peace and Bread’. Workers joined them in this protest. Unnerved at the protest in the capital, Tsar Nicholas II ordered the army to suppress the demonstrators, even by firing at them. Instead, the soldiers joined the demonstrators. In just two days, the situation went so much out of hand that the Tsar abdicated and non-aristocratic Russians made a Provisional government. This was the first Russian revolution of 1917 and it was called the March Revolution.

Correct option is B) Leh

1. The immediate change was the elimination of the democratic provisional councils called Soviets in various larger cities. 

2. Under Bolshevik rule Russia got out of World War-II. 

3. A Socialist system was imposed on the country which all but the smallest businesses were taken over by the government. 

4. Land was redistributed to peasant farmers and food distribution was temporarily improved. 

5. Soon though, many people became disenchanted with the Bolsheviks and the Russian Civil war broke out in 1918 and lasted until 1920.

In India after 1989, almost all the governments were coalition governments which represented inclusion of multiparties in the government.

In 1989 – National Front supported by BJP and Left Front. In 1990 – Section of NF led by Samajwadi Janta Party supported by congress. In 1991 – Congress was supported by AIADMK and some regional parties. In 1996 – BJP formed a government with the help of many regional parties. In 1996 – United Front emerged and formed the government with the support of Congress partyIn1998-99 NDA was formed which was a combination of about 25 political parties. This coalition formed the NDA government.In 2004 UPA was another alliance of various National and Regional parties.

The above process shows that multiparty system of India changed its character and started to polarize around two major National parties, i.e., Indian National Congress and Bhartiya Janta Party.

C) The Labour party was willing to help Indians

The Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) were engarged in active mobilisation. These organisations wished to unite all Hindus, overcome the divisions of caste and sect and reform their social life. They also gave out the message that India was the land of the Hindus who were in a majority. Many Congressmen were also impressed with the activities of these organisations.

The Congress also demanded that an immediate national government should be set up at the centre.

The era of coalitions could be seen after 1989 elections onwards. The Congress was the largest party but did not achieve a single majority, hence it decided to act as opposition party. This led to National Front (Alliance of Janata Dal and other regional parties). It received major support from BJP and left front. BJP and left front did not join the government but gave support from outside. The coalition era had many PMs and some of them held office for short duration.

With elections of 1989, coalition politics began in India i.e. National front in 1989, United Front in 1996 and 1997 and UPA in 2004.

They also influenced our art to a large extent, especially in northwest India.

Elections in India took place in 1989, in which the Congress lost with 197 seats. It was a major defeat for Congress.

D) 41° – 42° C

The Bahujan Samaj Party emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram supported by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana, and U.P. But in 1989 and 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough success in U.P.

1. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)

2. Muslims and Christians

3. Because Bahujans constituted the majority of the population, hence they were the formidable political force on strength of their numbers.

The labour party was more willing to help Indians attain freedom.

A minority government has support of less than 50% of Members of the Parliament in Lok Sabha and is therefore supported by a minority within the Lok Sabha.

The Government of India Act was passed in 1935 by the British Parliament. According to this, elections may be held in provinces and governments may be formed by parties that won in the elections.

The name Pakistan or Pakistan was coined by a Punjabi Muslim student at Cambridge, Choudhry Rehmat Ali. In pamphlets written in 1933 and 1935, this young student desired a separate national status for this new entity.

A) Indian National Army

1. A difficult question arose before the Congress leaders. 

2. Should they support the British in fighting a war against Germany? 

3. The Congress was torn in its mind over this question. 

4. The British were willing to give India Dominion Status.

5. Congress wanted a promise of full freedom. 

6. The Congress was upset with the British and walked out of the provincial governments. 

7. There was no other alternative.

B) The Communist Party was alarmed at the attack on the Soviet Union by Nazis

"B) The Communist Party was alarmed at the attack on the Soviet Union by Nazis "

The British objected to this by saying that they had to also protect the interests of several other communities in India.

I do agree with the small and poor peasants demands because – 

1. They demanded their share of harvest should be increased to two portions out of three instead of half or even less. 

2. Although they invested on the production of crops they did not get reasonable remuneration of share harvest. 

3. They were forced to pay more land tenure. Due to this they faced more economic crises and failed to repay their debts.

The Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation (BAMCEF) took various steps and strong position in favor of political power to Bahujans including SCs, STs, OBCs, and minorities.

With the elections of 1989, coalition politics began in India. The successive coalition government formed were National front in 1989, United Front in 1996 and 1997 and UPA in 2004.

(a) The author calls challenges to coalition government as well as coalition in Congress party itself to trigger a new emphasis on self-representation. 

(b) To unsolve a party system to accommodate diverse interests but the political parties formed under the leadership of Kanshi Ram for Dalits only. 

(c) It is necessary for parties to accommodate and aggregate variety of interests to maintain the culture of India ‘Unity in Diversity’ so that there should be no space for separatist movements in India.