Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Answer is (B) 15

(D) All the above

Functional planning: Functional planning refers to that planning which seeks to remove economic difficulties by directing all the planning activities within the existing economic and social structure.

Structural planning: The structural planning refers to a good deal of changes in the socio-economic framework of the country. This type of planning is adopted mostly in under developed countries.

(d) Structura

The following objectives were resolved by the Indian people.

1. To establish a republican country. 

2. To secure to all its citizens, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

(b) Physical

Inequalities:

1. Economic inequalities 

2. Social inequalities

Discriminations :

1. Racial discrimination 

2. Gender discrimination

(a) Financial

Answer is (D) army

A) Mahatma Gandhi: There shall be no high class and low class of people. 

B) B.R. Ambedkar: How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions?

C) Jawaharlal Nehru: It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The three expressed the same idea in different words.

‘Equality’ is the common idea to all these three.

1. To achieve the objectives, we incorporated the objectives in our constitution.

2. For republican country we are electing the head of the nation. 

3. To secure the remaining objectives we added secularism, socialism in our constitution. 

4. Provide justice and equal opportunities to all people without discrimination. 

5. To achieve these universalising literacy and education, protection of environment, reducing inequalities etc. are kept infront of the government. 

6. Maintain brotherhood nature among all people. 

7. To achieve these, we are following parliamentary system and federal system.

First of all, the framers were inspired by the struggle waged by the diverse kinds of Indian people and their aspiration for a better world to live in. They knew that it was their sacred duty to help build an India in which all these diverse kinds of people may realise their aspirations. They were also deeply influenced by the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders.

Secondly, many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French Revolution, the practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the USA. The socialist revolution in Russia and China had inspired many Indians to think of shaping a system based on social and economic equality. All these factors influenced the making of our Constitution.

Thirdly, the British too had introduced some basic institutions of democratic rule in India. However, only certain categories of people could vote in the elections. British had introduced very weak legislatures. Elections were held in 1937 to Provincial Legislatures and Ministries all over British India. These were not fully democratic governments. But the experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them. That is why the Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws.

The kings were familiar with the ideas of their people. They could integrate the ideas of their people. So the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constituent Assembly.

1. Racial discrimination 

2. Gender discrimination

The kings were familiar with the ideas of their people. They could integrate the ideas of their people. So the kings were allowed to nominate members to the Constituent Assembly.

Things at the time of independence :

1. Apart from social and cultural diversity, there were huge differences between rich and poor, upper and lower castes, men and women.

2. Literacy levels and education were very low. 

3. There was acute poverty. 

4. There were sharp differences of opinion among the leaders of the national movement, about how we could make a better society after Independence.

Our grandparents/Old neighbours felt about the future of the country in the following way.

1. The dreams of Gandhiji would be true. 

2. There would be a plenty of food in the country. 

3. People would be happy with their shelters and clothes.

4. There would be no inequalities. 

5. There would be no discriminations. 

6. All would be equal before law etc.

To safeguard the Constitution, the courts and judges should be independent. Otherwise there is a chance of sidetrack. So they should be independent.

Kings and queens ruled the country mostly dictatorially. They ruled India by dividing it into small kingdoms. They failed in answering foreign invasions. The freedom fighters were all nationalists. They prayed and dreamed India as a huge nation. They wished democratic rule.

So they did not want India to be ruled by kings and queens.

1. How the country should be governed, 

2. How the government should be formed.

1. Economic inequalities 

2. Social inequalities

The Election Commission should be autonomous to conduct free and fair elections.

Correct Answer is: (b) Germany

(C) Ourselves

(A) Preamble

(C) 26th January

New Welfare oriented Approach: 

1. During 1970s, economic development was redefined in terms of reduction of poverty, ‘inequality’ and unemployment within the context of a growing economy. 

2. In this phase, ‘Redistribution with Growth’ became the popular slogan.

Traditional Approach: 

1. The traditional approach defines development strictly in economic terms. 

2. The increase in GNP is accompanied by decline in share of agriculture in output and employment while those of manufacturing and service sectors increase.

“Sarvodaya Plan” which was inspired by Gandhian Plan and with the idea of Vinoba Bhave. It gave importance not only for agriculture, but encouraged small and cottage industries in the plan.

Our country has a federal system.

The central government has 2 houses – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. 

Our country has a three-level democracy. 

The Constitution also provides for some independent institutions to guard the Constitution. 

The Constitution is a living and changing document.

1. Planning is a technique, a means to an end being the realization of certain pre-determined and well-defined aims and objectives laid down by a central planning authority. 

2. The end may be to achieve economic, social, political or military objectives.

Human Resources:

1. Human resource is named as human capital because of its power to increase productivity and thereby national income. 

2. There is a circular relationship between human development and economic growth. 

3. A healthy, educated and skilled labour force is the most important productive asset. 

4. Human capital formation is the process of increasing knowledge, skills and the productive capacity of people.

5. It includes expenditure on health, education and social services. 

6. If labour is efficient and skilled, its capacity to contribute to growth will be high. For example Japan and China.

Casino Capitalism: If People spend larger propotion of their income and time on entertainment liquor and other illegal activities, productive activities may suffer, according to Thomas Piketty.

1. Price mechanism provides for the automatic adjustment among price, demand and supply in a Laissez Faire economy.

2. The producers and consumers adjust their supply and demand based on price changes. 

3. There is no such mechanism in a planned economy. 

4. Advance calculations in a precise manner are impossible to make decisions regarding the consumption and production. 

5. It is also very difficult to put the calculations into practice under planning.

6. Excess supply and excess demand can also happen in the market oriented economy.

7. Infact it has happened in many expitalistic economies, including the US.

Republic means the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position as in a kingdom.

Our Constitution does not promise equality in all respects but it seeks to ensure that all people will enjoy the same status.

Indicative Vs Imperative Planning: 

1. Indicative planning is peculiar to the mixed economies.

2. It has been in practice in France since the Monnet Plan of 1947-50. 

3. In a mixed economy, the private sector and the public sector work together. 

4. Under this plan, the outline of plan is prepared by the Government. 

5. Then it is discussed with the representatives of private management, trade unions, consumer groups, finance institutions and other experts.

6. The essential function of planning is coordination of different economic units. 

7. The state provides all types of facilities to the private sector. 

8. The private sector is expected to fulfill the targets and priorities. 

9. The state does not force the private sector but just indicate the areas of operation and targets to be fulfilled.

10. In short, the planning procedure is soft and flexible.

11. Under imperative planning, the state is all powerful in preparation and implementation of the plan. 

12. Once a plan is drawn up, its implementation is a matter of enforcement. 

13. The USSR President Stalin used to say, ‘Our plans are our instructions’. 

14. There is complete control over the entire resources by the state.

15. There is no consumer sovereignty. 

16. The Government policies and procedures are rigid. 

17. China and Russia follow imperative planning.

Economic Planning in India:

• Consists of economic decisions, schemes formed to meet certain pre-determined economic objectives and a road map of directions to achieve specific goals within specific period of time.
• The idea of economic planning was strengthened during the Great Depression in 1930s.
• The outbreak of the World War II also required adequate and suitable planning of economic resources for the effective management after the effects of post war economy.
• After Independence, in 1948, a declaration of industrial policy was announced.
• The policy suggested the creation of a National Planning Commission and the elaboration of the policy of a mixed economic system.'
• On January 26, 1950, the Constitution came into force.
• In logical order, the Planning Commission was created on March 15, 1950 and the plan era began on April 1, 1951 with the launch of the first five year plan (1951-56). The evolution of planning in India.

Development of Infrastructure: 

1. The agriculture and industrial sectors cannot develop in the absence of economic and social overheads. 

2. The building of canals, roads, railways, power stations, etc., is indispensable for agricultural and industrial development. 

3. Infrastructure involves huge capital investment long gestation period and low rate of return. 

4. The state alone can provide strong infrastructural bases through planning.

Truly speaking, I don’t believe in superstitions. These are blind beliefs. The ignorant and conservative people observe them. Superstitions have no scientific base or proof. 

The common superstitions are:

(i) ‘13’ is an unlucky number.

(ii) Don’t start a new project on no moon day.

(iii) Don’t go further if a black cat crosses your path.

(b) quantity, supplied

The gods went to Lord Vishnu. They wanted to know the way to defeat the demons.

There was a fight between the demons and the gods. The demons seemed to have an upper hand. It caused desperation to the gods.

Lord Vishnu advised the gods to get a mighty sword prepared from the bones of some great sage.

Many of the plants and flowers in the VF are rare and endangered. There are many medicinal plants, too. So they are important in the VF.

It is said that when Lakshmana became unconscious in the battle with Ravana, Rama called the Ashwinikumars – the heavenly healers. They prescribed sanjeevani – a miraculous plant found only in the Himalayas. That place was the VF.

In 1931, three British mountaineers accidentally reached this beautiful valley. They were stunned by the variety and colour of flowers. So they named it ‘Valley of Flowers’.

Dr. D.V. Jindal.

I would take a train to Rishikesh. From there, I would go up to Govindghat by road. The trek of the VF starts from Govindghat.

1. Emerald mountains, green meadows, white clouds and colourful patches of flowers create a panoramic view.

2. The place is at a height of 14,000 feet in the western Himalayan range.

1. Emerald mountains, green meadows, white clouds and colourful patches of flowers create a panoramic view.

2. Dewdrops on flowers, the rhythmic sound of water, rich flora and fauna, and delightful breeze of cool air are waiting for you.