Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. (1773)

2. (चौथे)

3. (1853)

4. (चार्ल्स वुड)

5. (1757)

बक्सर का युद्ध ईस्ट इण्डिया कंपनी तथा बंगाल के नवाब मुगल बादशाह शाहआलम और अवध के नवाब की संयुक्त सेना के बीच लड़ा गया ।

23 जून, 1757 करे दिन मुर्शिदाबाद से लगभग 38 कि.मी. दूरी पर प्लासी का युद्ध लड़ा गया ।

चौथा मैसूर युद्ध सन् 1799 में कंपनी और निजाम ने टीपू सुल्तान के विरुद्ध लड़ा था ।

हेस्टिंग्स ने नेपाल के साथ युद्ध करके अंग्रेजी सेना में गुरखों को शामिल किया ।

सन् 1848 में डलहौसी गवर्नर जनरल बना । वह साम्राज्यवादी मानसिकतावाला गवर्नर जनरल माना जाता था ।

बंगाल. 1708 से 1756 तक कच्चा रेशम, चीनी, सन तथा मलमल का निर्यात करता था ।

कंपनी शासन के प्रभाव से भारतीय गाँव गरीब और पराधीन हुए ।

मुम्बई, मद्रास (चेन्नई), कोलकता आदि बंदरगाहों का विकास अंग्रेजी शासन के दरम्यान हुआ ।

भारत में सर्वप्रथम पूर्तगाली आए, जिन्होंने दीव, दमन, गोवा, कोचीन, मलाक्का आदि प्रदेशों को अपने अधिकार में ले लिया ।

• हॉलेण्ड के डच और डेनमार्क के डेनिस भारत में व्यापार के लिए आये थे ।
• सन् 1613 में अंग्रेजों ने सूरत में प्रथम व्यापारिक केन्द्र स्थापित किया । इसके बाद भरूच, अहमदाबाद, मछलीपट्टनम्, सेन्ट ज्योर्ज फोर्ट विलियम तथा मुंबई में व्यापारिक केन्द्र स्थापित किये ।
• सन् 1668 में फ्रेंच ईस्ट इण्डिया कंपनी का आगमन हुआ । उसने माहे, करेकर, पाँडिचेरी, चंद्रनगर, मछलीपट्नम् आदि स्थानों पर व्यापारिक केन्द्र स्थापित किये ।

• अंग्रेजों ने मीरजाफर को हटाकर मीरकासिम को बंगाल का नवाब बनाया था । मीरजाफर से भी मीरकासीम अधिक महत्त्वाकांक्षी था ।
• कंपनी को मीरकासीम से डर लगा इसलिए मीरकासीम को हटाकर पुनः मीरजाफर को शासक बनाया ।
• मीरकासीम ने अवध के नवाब, मुगल बादशाह शाहआलम के साथ मिलकर कंपनी के विरुद्ध युद्ध की घोषणा की ।
• 22 अक्टूबर, 1764 में ईस्ट इण्डिया कंपनी और संयुक्त सेना के बीच युद्ध हुआ । जिसमें कंपनी की विजय हुई ।

सहायक संधि योजना वेलेस्ली ने ब्रिटिश सत्ता को सर्वोपरि बनाने के लिए घोषित की थी ।

• इसे निजाम, मैसूर, अवध, गायकवाड, सिंधिया, भोसले और होलकर ने स्वीकार किया था ।

• द्वितीय मैसूर युद्ध वारेन हेस्टिंग्स तथा हैदरअली के बीच हुआ ।
• तीसरा मैसूर युद्ध वारेन हेस्टिंग्स तथा मैसूर के शासक टीपू सुल्तान के बीच हुआ ।
• इस युद्ध में अंग्रेज, मराठा और निजाम की संयुक्त सेना ने टीपू सुल्तान को हराया ।
• चौथा मैसूर युद्ध में वेलेस्ली ने निजाम के साथ मिलकर 1799 में टीपू सुल्तान को हराकर मार दिया ।

अंग्रेज सरकार ने 1773 नियामक धारा पास कर बंगाल के गवर्नर को गवर्नर जनरल बनाया गया और कंपनी के व्यापारी तथा राजनैतिक हितों तथा प्रवृत्तियों को उसके सीधा अंकुश में रखा गया । उसके अंतर्गत मुंबई-मद्रास के गवर्नर और उनकी कौंसि को रखा गया ।

सन् 1857 के प्लासी के युद्ध से शुरू करके 100 वर्षों के समय में कंपनी की सत्ता और साम्राज्य दोनों में वृद्धि हुई, परंतु ऐसा करने से भारत के राज्यों के असंतोष का सामना उन्हें करना पड़ा और उस असंतोष के परिणामस्वरूप 1857 का भारत का प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम हुआ ।

समाचार पत्रों के विकास से भारतीय लोगों में विचार, वाणी, स्वतंत्रता की भावना विकसित हुई ।

• भारतीय समाज में सतीप्रथा, दूधपीती रिवाज, बालविवाह जैसे कुरिवाजों को समाप्त करने के लिए कानून बने ।
• मेकाले के प्रयासों से भारत में अंग्रेजी शिक्षा देने की शुरुआत हुई ।
• चार्ल्स वुड की सिफारिशों से मुंबई, कोलकता और चैन्नई में युनिवर्सिटी की स्थापना हुई ।

सही विकल्प है (a) पहली में

Correct option is (a) 1966-67

The sum of the MPC and MPS is 1.

(a) A (iii) B (iv) C (i) D (ii)

It the MPC is 0.5, the multiplier is 2.

Correct Answer is: (d) a and b

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

Autonomous Investment: 

1. Independent 

2. Income inelastic 

3. Welfare motive

Induced Investment: 

1. Planned

2. Income elastic 

3. Profit Motive

(c) marginal propensity to consume

(b) ∆Y – Change in expenditure

(d) Bank amount

Keynes’s Law is based on the following assumptions: 

1. Ceteris paribus (constant extraneous variables): The other variables such as income distribution, tastes, habits, social customs, price movements, population growth, etc. do not change and consumption depends on income alone.

2. Existence of Normal Conditions:

1. The law holds good under normal conditions. 

2. If, however, the economy is faced with abnormal and extraordinary circumstances like war, revolution or hyperinflation, the law will not operate. 

3. People may spend the whole of increased income on consumption.

3. Existence of a Laissez – faire Capitalist Economy:

1. The law operates in a rich capitalist economy where there is no government intervention. 

2. People should be free to spend increased income. 

3. In the case of regulation of private enterprise and consumption expenditures by the State, the law breaks down.

(a) APC – Algebraically Propensity to Consume

(а) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’

(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true

Autonomous Consumption: Autonomous consumption is the minimum level of consumption or spending that must take place even if a consumer has no disposable income, such as spending for . basic necessities.

Windfall Gains or losses: Unexpected changes in the stock market leading to gains or losses tend to shift the consumption function upward or downward.

Ceteris paribus (constant extraneous variables): The other variables such as income distribution, tastes, habits, social customs, price movements, population growth, etc. do not change and consumption depends on income alone.

Leakages of multiplier: 

1. The multiplier assumes that those who earn income are likely to spend a proportion of their additional income on consumption. 

2. But in practice, people tend to spend their additional income on other items. Such expenses are known as leakages.

Payment towards past debts: If a portion of the additional income is used for repayment of old loan, the MPC is reduced and as a result the value of multiplier is cut.

Purchase of existing wealth:

1. If income is used in purchase of existing wealth such as land, building and shares money is circulated among people and never enters into the consumption stream. 

2. As a result the value of multiplier is affected.

Import of goods and services:

1. Income spent on imports of goods or services flows out of the country and has little chance to return to income stream in the country. 

2. Thus imports reduce the value of multiplier.

Non availability of consumer goods:

1. The multiplier theory assumes instantaneous supply of consumer goods following demand. 

2. But there is often a time lag. 

3. During this gap (D > S) inflation is likely to rise.

4. This reduces the consumption expenditure and there by multiplier value.

Full employment situation:

1. Under conditions of full employment, resources are almost fully employed. 

2. So, additional investment will lead to inflation only, rather than generation of additional real income.

Leverage Effect: The combined effect of the multiplier and the accelerator is also called the leverage effect which may lead the economy to very high or low level of income propagation.

Symbolically

Y = C + I_A + I_P

Y = Aggregate income

C = Consumption expenditure

T = autonomous investment; I = induced private investment

Uses of multiplier 

1. Multiplier highlights the importance of investment in income and employment theory 

2. The process throws light on the different stages of trade cycle. 

3. It also helps in bringing the equality between S and I. 

4. It helps in formulating Government policies. 

5. It helps to reduce unemployment and achieve full employment.

(a) Short – Run Factors

1. Demand for the product:

1. If the market for a particular good is expected to grow and its costs are likely to fall, the rate of return from investment will be high. 

2. If entrepreneurs expect a fall in demand for goods and a rise in cost, the investment will decline.

2. Liquid assets:

1. If the entrepreneurs are holding large volume of working capital, they can take advantage of the investment opportunities that come in their way.

2. The MEC will be high.

3. Sudden changes in income:

1. The MEC is also influenced by sudden changes in income of the entrepreneurs. 

2. If the business community gets windfall profits, or tax concession the MEC will be high and hence investment in the country will go up. 

3. On the other hand, MEC falls with the decrease in income.

4. Current rate of investment:

1. Another factor which influences MEC is the current rate of investment in a particular industry. 

2. If in a particular industry, much investment has already taken place and the rate of investment currently going on in that industry is also very large, then the marginal efficiency of capital will be low.

5. Waves of optimism and pessimism:

1. The marginal efficiency of capital is also affected by waves of optimism and pessimism in the business cycle. 

2. If businessmen are optimistic about future, the MEC will be likely to be high. 

3. During periods of pessimism the MEC is under estimated and so will be low.

(b) Long – Run Factors 

The long run factors which influence the marginal efficiency of capital are as follows:

1. Rate of growth of population:

1. Marginal efficiency of capital is also influenced by the rate of growth of population. 

2. If population is growing at a rapid speed, it is usually believed that the demand of various types of goods will increase. 

3. So a rapid rise in the growth of population will increase the marginal efficiency of capital and a slowing down in its rate of growth will discourage investment and thus reduce marginal efficiency of capital.

2. Technological progress:

1. If investment and technological development take place in the industry, the prospects of increase in the net yield brightens up. 

2. For example, the development of automobiles in the 20th century has greatly stimulated the rubber industry, the steel and oil industry etc. 

3. So we can say that inventions and technological improvements encourage investment in various projects and increase marginal efficiency of capital.

3. Monetary and Fiscal policies: Cheap money policy and liberal tax policy pave the way for greater profit margin and so MEC is likely to be high.

4. Political environment: Political stability, smooth administration, maintenance of law and order help to improve MEC.

5. Resource availability: Cheap and abundant supply of natural resources, efficient labour and stock of capital enhance the MEC.

Elections to the Parliament and state legislatures are held every five years.

True 

Answer is (B) Karachi

Elections were held in 1937 to Provincial Legislatures and Ministries all over British India.

Answer is (C) 1928

Answer is (D) Karachi

Answer is (A) China

(C) Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) Democracy

(B) Motilal Nehru

Answer is (B) 299

Answer is (D) 114

(D) All the above