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It is divided into two major groups Cryptogams and Phanerogams.

Animal like protists (Consumer protists): 

(a) They are the primitive animal forms. 

(b) They are also termed as protozoans. 

(c) These are heterotrophic and lack cell wall. 

(d) Amoeboid protozoans have pseudopodia as locomotory organs. E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba. 

Amoeba is free living form, but Entamoeba is endoparasite and causes amoebic dysentery. 

(e) Flagellated protozoans have flagella as locomotory organ. E.g. Trypanosoma. 

(f) Cilliated protozoans have cilia for locomotion. E.g. Paramoecium.

(g) Plasmodium is a Sporozoan protozoa. It causes malaria. It forms spores in one of its life stages.

Viroids are very small, circular, single stranded RNA which are without any protein coat.

Viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener.

In Mangifera indica L., letter L indicates author’s name i.e. Linnaeus.

Binomial nomenclature is important because: 

1. The binomials are simple, meaningful and precise. 

2. They are standard since they do not change from place to place.

3. These names avoid confusion and uncertainty created by local or vernacular names. The organisms are known by the same name throughout the world. 

4. The binomials are easy to understand and remember. 

5. It indicates phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms.

6. It helps to understand interrelationship between organisms.

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms are included in kingdom Protista.

Some members are insectivorous plants. E.g. Venus fly trap, pitcher plant, bladderwort, while some are heterotrophic parasitic members like Cuscuta.

Systematics is the study of kinds and diversity of organisms and their comparative and evolutionary relationship.

R.H. Whittaker suggested five kingdom system of classification.

DNA barcoding is a new method for identification of any species based on its DNA sequence, which is obtained from a tiny tissue sample of the organism under study. 

DNA barcoding helps to study newly identified species as well as understanding ecological and evolutionary relationships between living organisms. 

The process of DNA barcoding includes two basic steps: 

(i) Collecting DNA barcode data of known species. 

(ii) Matching the barcode sequence of the unknown sample against the barcode library for identification. 

The applications of DNA barcoding are as follows: 

1. It helps to protect endangered species. 

2. It plays an important role in preservation of natural resources. 

3. It is also used for pest control in agriculture. 

4. It is used for identification of disease vectors. 

5. It is used for authentication of natural health products. 

6. It is also used for identification of medicinal plants.

DNA barcoding is a new method for identification of any species based on its DNA sequence, which is obtained from a tiny tissue sample of the organism under study.

Systematics is the study of kinds and diversity of organisms and their comparative and evolutionary relationship.

1. The name of the organism is composed of two Latin or Greek words.

2. Generic epithet is a simple noun which should come first and always begin with a capital letter. 

3. The generic and specific epithet must be underlined separately if hand written or in italics when printed.

The two-kingdom system of classification included Kingdom plantae and Kingdom animalia. This system was introduced by Carl Linnaeus.

Viroids: 

1. These are mainly plant pathogens.

2. Viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener. 

3. The first viroid discovered was PSTV (Potato spindle tuber viroid) which causes a disease in potato. 

4. Viroids are very small, circular, single stranded RNA which are without any protein coat. 

5. Viroids are smaller in size than viruses.

Two kingdom system was found inadequate for classification of some organisms like bacteria, fungi, Euglena, etc.

The applications of DNA barcoding are as follows: 

1. It helps to protect endangered species.

2. It plays an important role in preservation of natural resources. 

3. It is also used for pest control in agriculture. 

4. It is used for identification of disease vectors. 

5. It is used for authentication of natural health products. 

6. It is also used for identification of medicinal plants.

1. (B) rod shaped

2. (A) Cyanobacteria

3. (A) Diatoms

4. (A) Myxomycetes

5. (A) hyphae

6. (C) Basidiomycetes

7. (A) Puccinia

8. (C) Growth is indeterminate.

9. (D) All of these

10. (C) mycobiont

1. Taxonomy means classification following certain rules or principles.

2. The word taxonomy comes from two Greek words, taxis meaning arrangement and nomous meaning law or rule.

3. The term taxonomy was coined by A.P. de Candolle (Swiss Botanist) [1778-1841].

1. A system of nomenclature of plants and animals in which the scientific name consists of two words or parts or epithets is called binomial nomenclature. 

2. This system of nomenclature was developed by Carl Linnaeus. He gave certain principles for this nomenclature in his book ‘Species Plantarum’. 

Rules of binomial nomenclature: 

1. The name of the organism is composed of two Latin or Greek words. 

2. Generic epithet is a simple noun which should come first and always begin with a capital letter. 

3. Specific epithet is the descriptive adjective which should come later and begin with a small letter. 

4. The generic and specific epithet must be underlined separately if hand written or in italics when printed. 

5. The generic as well as specific epithet should not have less than three letters and more than thirteen letters. 

6. Usually the name of the author who names a plant or animal is also written in full or abbreviated form after scientific name. e.g. Mangifera indica L. Where L stands for Linnaeus.

The two-kingdom system of classification included Kingdom plantae and Kingdom animalia. This system was introduced by Carl Linnaeus. Two kingdom system was found inadequate for classification of some organisms like bacteria, fungi, Euglena, etc.

The correctly written scientific name of sunflower is Helianthus annuus L.

(A) Generic and specific names should be written starting with small letters.

Numerical taxonomy: 

1. It is based on quantification of characters and develops an algorithm for classification. 

2. The aim of this was to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. 

3. It was proposed by Sokel and Sneath in 1963.

Phylogeny: 

1. It is the evolutionary relationship of organism. 

2. It is an important tool in classification as it considers not merely the morphological status but also the relationship of one group of organisms with other groups of life. 

3. The system helps to understand the evolution and also focuses on the similarities of their metabolic functioning. 

4. Woese’s three domain concept as well as Whittaker’s five kingdom system are examples of phylogenetic relationship.

1. It is a representation of hypothetical relationship denoting a comparison of organisms and their common ancestors. 

2. It has a typical branching pattern.

Eubacteria: 

1. These are commonly referred as true bacteria. 

2. They have cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. 

3. Eubacteria are mostly heterotrophic, few are autotrophic. 

4. The autotrophs can be photosynthetic like Chlorobium (Green sulphur bacteria) and Chromatium or chemosynthetic like sulphur bacteria. 

5. These are mostly multicellular filamentous forms living in fresh water. 

6. Filaments show heterocyst which helps in nitrogen fixation. 

7. The body is covered by mucilaginous sheath. 

8. The genetic material is typical prokaryotic. 

9. The photosynthetic pigments include Chl-a, Chl-b, carotenes and xanthophylls. 

10. Most of them are decomposers that help in breaking down large molecules in simple molecules or minerals.

(D) Mangifera indica Linn

1. It is a representation of hypothetical relationship denoting a comparison of organisms and their common ancestors. 

2. It has a typical branching pattern.

• These bacteria are mostly found in the extreme environments, hence called extremophiles. 
• They have capacity to survive in very severe conditions.
• They are found in a variety of places from volcanic craters to salty lakes and hot springs.

Three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

1. Domain is a unit larger than Kingdom in the system of classification.

2. Three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

1. These are the most primitive type of bacteria. 

2. They are differentiated from other bacteria on the basis of their different cellular features. 

3. These bacteria are mostly found in the extreme environmental conditions, hence called extremophiles. 

4. Bacteria that can withstand high salinities are called halophiles, while those that withstand extreme temperature are known as thermophiles. 

5. Methanogenic bacteria found in gut of ruminants (cows and buffaloes) help in production of methane in biogas plants.

Domain Eukarya has eukaryotic cells

Figure a: Coccus; 

Figure b: Coccobacillus; 

Figure c: Vibrio 

Figure d: Bacillus; 

Figure e: Spirillum; 

Figure f: Spirochete

(c) 3-bromobutanoic acid

(d) CH₃O^-.

It is a group carrying negative charge one electron donating (or) +I group whereas others are -I group

(d) both bromine and carboxylic group

C) a → iii, b → i, c → ii

B) Homologous series

C) a → iii,b → i,c → iv,d → ii

C) a →ii,b →i,c →iv,d →iii

B) liberated

A) C_nH_2n+1OH 

Correct option is (C) Garden Pea

4 (YYRR, YYrr, yyRR, yyrr)

10 (YYRR, YYRr, YyRR, YyRr, YYRr, YyRr, YyRR, YyRr, YyRr, yyrr)

8 (YYRr, YyRR, YYRr, Yyrr, YyRR, yyRr, Yyrr, yyRr)

8 (YYRr, YyRR, YYRr, Yyrr, YyRR, yyRr, Yyrr, yyRr)