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This section includes 7 InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your Current Affairs knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 1. |
Define the term order of a reaction. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Sum of the powers of concentrations of reactants in the rate law equation is CALLED ORDER of the REACTION. | |
| 2. |
Define the term mole fraction. |
| Answer» Solution :MOLE fraction of a component in a MIXTURE is the ratio of number of moles of that component TOTHE TOTAL number of moles of all the COMPONENTS. | |
| 3. |
Define the term molarity. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :It is DEFINED as the number of moles of solute PRESENT in ONE litre of its solution. | |
| 4. |
Define the term metallurgy. |
| Answer» Solution :The entire scientific and TECHNOLOGICAL process used for ISOLATION of the METAL its ores is known as metallurgy. | |
| 5. |
Define the term (i) medicine (ii) chemotherapy |
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Answer» Solution : (i) Medicine: The drug which interacts with macromolecular targets such as PROTEINS to PRODUCE a therapeutic and useful biological response is called medicine. (ii) CHEMOTHERAPY: The specific TREATMENT of a disease USING medicine is known as chemotherapy. |
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| 6. |
Define the term 'enthalpy'. What will happen to the internal energy if work is done by the system ? |
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Answer» Solution :The enthalpy of REACTION is defined as the summation of internal energy of the reactin system, PLUS the product of pressrue and volume. It is given by : `H=U+PV` The first law of THERMODYNAMICS STATES that: `DeltaU=q+w` where U is the internal energy of the system Q is the heat that may flow into or out of the system and W is the work done on or by the system If work is done by the system then its internal energy must decrease. Work done by system is considered negative, THUS, `DeltaU=q-W.` |
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| 7. |
Define the term denaturation in relation to protein. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Denaturation is change in SECONDARY and tertiary STRUCTURES of proteins by heating or changing the PH conditions. | |
| 8. |
Define the term colligative property. |
| Answer» Solution :The properties of dilute SOLUTIONS which depend only upon the NUMBER of solute particles present in the solution and not on their NATURE, size are CALLED as colligative properties. | |
| 9. |
Define the term chemotherapy. |
| Answer» Solution :USE of chemicals for therapeutic effect is CALLED CHEMOTHERAPY. | |
| 10. |
Define the term antipyrtics. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :These are drugs which bring down the temperture of FEVERISH BODY to the normal but have no effect on the normal TEMP. of body. | |
| 11. |
Define the term amorphous. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :A solid is said to amorphous if its constituent particles are not ARRANGED in a regular FASHION. | |
| 12. |
Define the term 'amorphous'. Give a few examples of amorphous solids. |
| Answer» Solution :A SOLID is SAID to be amorphous if the CONSTITUENT particles are not ARRANGED in any regular FASHION. They may have short range order. For example: glass, plastics, amorphous silica. | |
| 13. |
Define the term, 'homopolymerisation' giving an example. |
| Answer» Solution :The POLYMER FORMED by the polymerization of single/same MONOMERIC SPECIES is known as homopolymerisation. E.g., Polythene/PVC/Polypropene. | |
| 14. |
Define the processes of oxidation and reduction with example. |
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Answer» Solution :OXIDATION. It is the PROCESS in which an atom or ION loses one or more electrons. e.g. `ZntoZn^(2+)+2E` `NatoNa^(+)+e` Reduction. It is a process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons. e.g. `Cu^(2+)+2etoCu` `S+2etoS^(2-)` |
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| 15. |
Define the order of reaction. Give one example for fraction order reaction. |
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Answer» Solution :The SUM of the powers of the concentration terms of each reactant in the experimentally determined rate EQUATION is called order of reaction. Example for fractional order reaction is `H_(2) + Br_(2)rarr 2HBR` Rate eqn is `r = K[H_(2)]^(1)[Br_(2)]^((1)/(2))` order = 1+0.5= 1.5 |
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| 16. |
Define the molarity |
| Answer» SOLUTION :MOLARITY : It is the NUMBER of moles of the SOLUTE dissolved in ONE litre of the solution. | |
| 17. |
Define the molality |
| Answer» Solution :MOLALITY : It is the number of MOLES of the solute dissolved in 1000 G of the solvent. | |
| 18. |
Define the ionic product of water. Give its value at room temperature. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Ionic product of water (kw) is given by the product of concentration of HYDRONIUM `(H_3 O^+)` and hydroxide `(OH^-) "ion"^-.` `2H_2O hArr H_3O^++OH^-` `k_(aq)=([H_3O^+][OH^-])/([H_2O]^2)` Since water is a solvent and is TAKEN in excess, change in concentration due to dissociation is negligible. `therefore "Keg"=[H_2O]^2=[H_3O^+][OH^-]=kW` At `298 k (25^@ C) kw=1xx10^(-14) mol^2 dm^(-6)`. |
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| 19. |
Define the following with suitable examples: (a) F-centres, (b) Antiferromagnetism. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(a)F - centres . In non- stoichiometriccompounds, the sites containgthe entrappedelectronsin theanionicvacancieswhichimpartcolourto theCrystralsare calledF- centres . (B )ANTIFERROMAGNETISM. Thesubstances whichareexpectedto possess paramagnetismor ferro magnetismon the basisofunpairedelctronbuthavezeronetmagneticmomentdue tothe presenceof equalnumberof domainsin theoppositedirections arecalledantiferromagneticsubstancesand thisphenomenin iscalledantiferromagnetisme.g MnO |
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| 20. |
Define the following with 'suitable examples : (a) F-centres, (b) Antiferromagnetism. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) F-centres. In non-stoichiometric compounds, the sites containing the entrapped electrons in the anionic vacancies which impart colour to the crystals are called F-centres. (B) Antiferromagnetism. The substances which are expected to possess PARAMAGNETISM or FERROMAGNETISM on the basis of unpaired electron but have zero net magnetic moment due to the presence of EQUAL number of domains in the opposite directions are called antiferromagnetic substances and this phenomenon is called antiferromagnetism eg. Mno. |
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| 21. |
Definethe followingwithan example of each : (a) Polysaccharides (b)Denaturedprotien . (c) Essental aminoacids. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Polysaccharides : Carbohydrates which yield a large number of monosaccharide units onhydrolysis are CALLED polysaccharides. STARCH is an example of polysaccharides. (b) Denaturedproteins : When a protein in its native form is subjected to physical change like change in TEMPERATURE, or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to this, GLOBULES unfold and helix gets uncoiled and the protein LOSES its biological activity. We get denatured proteins. Coagulated egg white is an example. (c)Essential amino acids : Those amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through diet are called essential amino acids. |
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| 22. |
Define the following with one example of each : (i) Zwitter ion ,(ii) Glycosidic linkage. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Zwitter ion : The -COOH and `-NH_(2)` GROUPS of amino acidsdo notexists as suchbuttheyreact with each other to form internal saltstructure called Zwitter ion. It is a neutral species but carries both positive and negative charges. `H_(2)overset(. .)(N) - underset(R)underset(|)(Coverset(..)H)- overset(O)overset(||)(C) - underset(..)overset(..)(O): H to H_(3) overset(+)(N) - underset(R) underset(|)(CH) - overset (O)overset(||)(C) - overset(-)overset(..)underset(..)(O):` e.g., Amino acids. (II) Glycosidc linkage : Thelinkagewhichis estabilsed betweentwo carbohydrateswhichisestabished between twocarbohydrates units involvingreducing group as a result of removal of water molecule. e.g., Sucrose `C_(1)` of `alpha` - GLUCOSE and `C_(2)` of `BETA` - fructose 
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| 23. |
Define the following with, an example each Polysaccharides |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Carbohydrates that give LARGE number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis / large number of monosaccharides units joined together by glycosidic linkage STARCH/ GLYCOGEN/ CELLULOSE (or any other) | |
| 24. |
Define the following with, an example each Essential amino acids |
| Answer» Solution : Amino ACIDS which cannot be SYNTHESISED, in the body. VALINE / Leucine (or any other) | |
| 25. |
Define the following with, an example each Denatured protion |
| Answer» Solution : Proteins that lose their biological activity / proteins in which SECONDARY and tertiary structures are DESTROYED CURDLING of milk (or any other) | |
| 26. |
Define the following trems : (i) Micelles (ii)Peptisatin (iii) Electrophoresis. |
| Answer» | |
| 27. |
Define the following terms: Zeta potential |
| Answer» Solution : Zeta potential : The charges of OPPOSITE signs on the fixed and diffused part of the double layer in a COLLOIDAL SYSTEM results in a difference of potential between the two layers. This potential difference is CALLED zeta potential. | |
| 28. |
Define the following terms with an example in each : O/W emulsion. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :O/W emulsions : An emulsion obtained by DISPERSING oil in water is called O/W emulsion In such cases oil is the DISPERSED phase and water is dispersion medium. EXAMPLE : MILK | |
| 29. |
Define the following terms with an example in each : Lyophobic colloids |
| Answer» Solution :Lyophobic colloids : COLLOIDAL solutions in which the PARTICLES of DISPERSED phase have no affinity for the dispersion MEDIUM or solvent. For example colloidal solutions of metals and METAL sulphides. | |
| 30. |
Define the following terms with a suitable example of each : (i) Associated colloids(ii) O/W emulsion |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Associated colloids : There are some substances which at low concentration behave as normal STRONG ELECTROLYTES, but at higher concentrations EXHIBIT colloidal behaviour due to the formation of aggregates. The aggregated particles thus formed are CALLED associated colloids. Examples : Soaps and synthetic detergents. (ii) O/W emulsions : In O/W emulsions, water acts as dispersion medium. Such emulsions are unstable and sometimes they saparate into two LAYERS on standing. Examples of this type of emulsions are milk and vanishing cream. |
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| 31. |
Define the following terms with an example in each : Homogeneous catalysis |
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Answer» Solution :Homogeneous CATALYSIS : When the REACTANTS and the catalyst are in same phase, it is CALLED homogeneous catalysis. For EXAMPLE `CH_3COOCH_3 (l) + H_2O OVERSET(HCl (l))to CH_3COOH (aq) + CH_3OH (aq)` |
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| 32. |
Define the following terms with a suitable example in each: (i) Antibiotics (ii) Antiseptics |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Antibiotics : A substance produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis which in low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys MICROORGANISMS by intervening in their metabolic processes. Example : Chloramphenicol (ii) Antiseptics : Antiseptics are chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. These are applied to living TISSUES such as wounds, CUTS, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. For example, FURACINE and soframicine. |
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| 33. |
Define the following terms: Sorption |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Sorption : Both adsorption and absorption can TAKE PLACE simultaneously. The term sorption is used to describe both the PROCESSES. | |
| 34. |
Define the following terms: Lyophilic colloid |
| Answer» SOLUTION :LYOPHILIC colloid : COLLOIDAL sols directly FORMED by mixing substances LIKE gum, gelatin, etc., with a suitable solvent are called lyophilic sols. | |
| 35. |
Define the following terms: Kraft temperature. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :KRAFT temperature : The formation of MICELLES TAKES PLACE above a particular temperature. This temperature is called Kraft temperature. | |
| 36. |
Define the following terms in relation to proteins : Denaturation |
| Answer» Solution :A process that CHANGES the three dimensional structure of native protein is called denaturation of protein. It results into BREAKING of HYDROGEN bonds and disulphide linkages. THUS, a completely denatured protein has a shape of random coil. | |
| 37. |
Define the followingterms in relation to proteins : (i) Peptide linkage . (ii) Denaturation. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) PEPTIDE linkage: Proteins are polymers of aminoacidsconnected to each other by peptide linkage,Chemically peptide linkageis an amideformed between - COOH group and `- NH_(2)`group. Forexample, whencarboxyl group of GLYCRINE combines alanine , we getglycylalanine . `H_(2)N - underset("Glycine")(CH_(2)) - COOH + H_(2)N - underset("Alanine")underset(CH_(3))underset(|)(CH) - COOH`  (ii) Denaturation: Whena protein innativeform is subjectedto physical changelikechangesdistrubed . DUETO thisglobulesunfold and HELIX get uncoiled and theprotein loses itsbioloigicalactivity . Thisis calleddenaturationof protein. Duringdenaturation , thesecondary and tertiary structuresaredestroyed butprimarystructure remains intact . Coagulationof egg on boilingand curdling of milk are examples of denaturation . |
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| 38. |
Define the following terms in relation to proteins : Peptide linkage |
| Answer» Solution :PEPTIDE linkage : A LINK between TWO amino ACIDS with loss of water - CO - NH - peptide linkage. | |
| 39. |
Define the following terms : (i) Shape-selective catalysis (ii) Kraft temperature (iii) Peptisation |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Shape-selective catalysis The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore structure of the catalyst and the size of the reactant and product MOLECULES is called shape-selective catalysis. For example, zeolites are good shape-selective catalysts because of their honeycomb-like structure. (ii) Kraft temperature The formation of micelles can TAKE place above a particular temeperature. This temperature is called Kraft temperature. (iii) Peptisation The process of converting a PRECIPITATE into COLLOIDAL sol by shaking it with DISPERSION medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte is called peptisation. |
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| 40. |
Define the following terms : (i) Pseudo first order reaction (ii) Half life period of a reaction (t_(½)). |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Pseudo FIRST order reaction : The reaction which appears to be of second order but follows first order kinetics is called pseudo first order reaction. (ii) Hald-life PERIOD of a reaction : Half life period of a reaction is the TIME in which the concentration of a REACTANT is reduced to half of its initial concentration. |
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| 41. |
Define the following terms : (i) Primitive unit cell (ii) Schotty defect (iii) Ferromagnetism |
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Answer» Solution :(i) When a unit cell contains constituent particles only at the corner positions, it is called a primitive unit cell. (ii) If in an ionic solid of the type `A^(+)B^(-)`, equal number of CATIONS and anions are missing from their USUAL positions, it is called Schottky defect. Electrical neutrality is maintained in this type of defect. (iii) The substances which show magnetism EVEN in the absence of magnetic field are called ferromagnetic substances and this property is called ferromagnetism. Fe, Co, `CrO_(2)` are examples of substances showing this property. Ferromagnetism is due to permanent alignment of domains of METAL atoms in the same direction as shown below. `{:(uarr,uarr,uarr,uarr,uarr,uarr):}` |
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| 42. |
Define the following terms: (i) Protective colloid (ii) Zeta potential (iii) Emulsifying agent |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Protective colloid: When a lyophilic sol is added to a lyophobic particles FORM a layer around lyophobic particles and LATTER from the electrolytes. Lyophilic colloids used for this purpose are called protective colloids. (ii) Zeta potential: The potential DIFFERENCES between the fixed layer and diffused layer of opposite charges in a colloidal SYSTEM is called zeta potential. (III) Emulsifying agent: The substance which is added to stablise an emulsion is called emulsifying agent. The emulsifying agent forms an interfacial film between suspended particles and the medium proteins and gums act as emulsifies for O/W emulsions and heavy metal salts and long chain alcohols act as emulsifier for W/O emulsions. |
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| 43. |
Define the following terms: (i)Nucleotide (ii)Anomers (iii) Essentialamino acids . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) NUCLEOTIDE:It is themonomerunits of DNAwhichis formedbya nitrogenousbase,deoxyribosesugar and phosphoric acids. (ii) Anomers : Anomersare cyclic monosaccharides whichare differingfrom each otherin theconfigurationof C - 1 if is analdoseor in the configurationat C -2IF it is a ketose . (iii) Essentialamino acids : The AMINO acids cannot besynthesised bythe bodyand are essentialfor the body . |
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| 44. |
Define the following terms : (i) Oligosaccharides (ii) Invert sugar |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Carbohydrates that give two to ten monosaccharide UNITS on hydrolysis are called oligosaccharides. (II) Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a CHANGE in the sign of rotation from dextro (+) to laevo (-) and the PRODUCT is NAMED as invert sugar. |
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| 45. |
Define the following terms : (i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality (it) Molarity (iv) Mass percentage (v) Normality. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction of a component in solution is the ratio of the moles of that component and total moles present in solution. (II) Molality : It is the NUMBER of moles of solute present in 1 kg solvent. Units: mole `kg^(-1)` (III) Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute present in 1 litre solution. Units : mole`""^(-1)` (IV) Mass percentage: It is the mass of solute present in 100 g solution. (v) NORMALITY : It is the number of gram equivalents of solute DISSOLVED per litre of the solution. Its units are g. equivalent per litre.. |
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| 46. |
Define the following terms: (i) Molar conductivity (A_m) (ii) Secondary batteries |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Molar CONDUCTIVITY `(A_m)`: Molar conductivity is defined as the conductivity due to all the ions produced by dissolving one mole of an electrolyte in solution. (ii) In secondary batteries, the reactions can be reversed by the EXTERNAL electrical energy SOURCE. These batteries can be RECHARGED by passing electric current and used again and again. |
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| 47. |
Define the following terms : (i) Molality (m) (ii) Abnormal molar mass. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Molality (m) – Molality of a solution is the NUMBER of MOLES of the solute dissolved in1000 g of the solvent. (ii) Abnormal molar mass – Molecular mass that is either lower or higher than the expectedvalue or NORMAL value is called abnormal molar mass. Such an abnormal molar mass is obtained from calculations from colligative PROPERTIES when the solute undergoesassociation or dissociation |
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| 48. |
Define the following terms. (i) Minerals (ii) Ores (ii) Metallurgy (iv) Gangue |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Minerals : The naturally occurring chemical substances in which METALS occurs in the native or combined state are called minerals. Minerals are obtained through mining. (ii) Ores : The minerals that are viable to be used as source of the metal are called ores. (III) METALLURGY: The entire SCIENTIFIC and technological PROCESS used for isolation of the metal from its ore is known as metallurgy. (iv) Gangue : The earthly or undesired materials present in an ore are known as gangue. |
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| 49. |
Define the following terms : (i) Lyophilic coloid (ii) Zeta potential (iii) Associated colloids |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Lyophilic colloids : They are prepared easily by directly mixing with liquid dispersion medium. Ex-Gelation, starch etc. They are reversible in nature and are quite stable and are not easily precipitated or COAGULATED. (ii) Zeta potential :When one type of ions of ELECTROLYTE are adsorbed on the surface of colloidal PERTICLES it forms a fixed layer. It attracts the counter ions to form secound layer which is mobileis called diffused layer. The potential difference between fixed layer and diffused layer is known as Zeta potential. (iii) Associated colloids :They are formed by the aggregation of large no. of ions CONCENTRATED solution. Their molecular masses are high. The aggregate parties the formed are called MICELLES. |
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| 50. |
Define the following terms: (i) Fuel cell (ii) Limiting molar conductivity |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of COMBUSTION of fuels (methane, methanol etc). DIRECTLY into electrical energy are called FUEL cells. (ii) Molar conductivity of electrolyte at infinite dilution or when concentration APPROACHES zero. |
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