Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) in recombinant technology is obtained from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus. 

(i) DNA polymerase (thermostable) remain active during the high temperature induced during denaturation of double stranded DNA. 

(ii) This enzyme extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template. 

(iii) The repeated amplification is achieved by this enzyme and the amplified fragment if desired can be used to ligate with a vector for further cloning.

Allelic sequence variation has traditionally been described as a DNA polymerism if more than frequency greater than 0.01. Simply, if an inheritable mutation is 1° observed in a population at high frequency, it is referred to as DNA polymorphism. The probability of such variation to be observed in non-coding DNA sequence would be higher as mutations in these sequences may not have any immediate effect in an individual's reproductive ability. These mutations keep on accumulating generation after generation, and form one of the basis of variablility. There is a variety of different types of polymorphisms ranging from single nucleotide change to very large scale changes. For evolution and speciation, such polymorphisms play very important role. 

The single nucleotide polymorphisms is used in locating diseases and tracing of human history.

1. No need for international reserves: Flexible exchange rate system is not to be supported with international reserves. 

2. International capital movements: Flexible exchange rate system enhances movement of capital across different countries of the world. This is due to the fact that member countries are no longer required to keep huge international reserves. 

3. Venture capital: Flexible exchange rate promotes venture capital in foreign exchange market. Trading in international currencies itself becomes an important economic activity.

False. Supply of foreign exchange will decrease in order to make the payment for imported goods.

True. Appreciation of domestic currency makes foreign goods relatively cheaper, which leads to increase in imports.

PDI = i + ii + iii + viii – iv – v – vi 

= 800 + 50 +70 + 20 – 200 – 40 – 30 

PDI = 670. 

Indian currency has appreciated.

Lymph nodes trap microorganisms or other antigens. These trapped antigens activate lymphocytes present in the lymph and cause an immune response.

Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific points, hence the name molecular scissors.

(a) The DNA is associated with two types of proteins—basic proteins (histone and protamine) and acidic non-histone chromosomal (NHC) proteins. The negatively charged DNA molecule wraps around the positively charged histone proteins to form a structure called nucleosome. The nucleosome core is made up of four types of histone proteins—H₂A, H₂B, H₃ and H4— occurring in pairs. 200 bp of DNA helix wraps around the nucleosome by 1¾ turns, plugged by H1 histone protein. Repeating units of nucleosomes form the chromatin in nucleus, which is a thread-like structure. The chromatin is packed to form a solenoid structure of 30 nm diameter. Further supercoiling forms a looped structure called the chromatin fibre.

(b)

(c) The packaging of chromatin at higher level requires the presence of non-histone chromosomal protein.

It was proved by O. Avery, C. MacLeod and M. McCarty.

 Financial planning is essentially the preparation of blueprint of an organisation’s future operations. It is a process of estimating the fund requirement of a business and specifying the source of such funds. 

The following points highlight the importance of financial planning: 

(a) It forecast the future under different business situations. It helps in preparing alternative financial plans to meet different situations. 

(b) It helps in smooth running of business by eliminating shocks and surprise. 

(c) It coordinates the various business functions. 

(d) The detailed plan of action made under financial planning reduces wastage, duplication of efforts and gaps in planning.

. Importance of planning:

(i) Direction for Action: Planning provide direction for action by prescribing what is to be achieved (objectives) and how it can be achieved (various actions organisation-wide),

(ii) Reducing Risks of Uncertainty: Changes in business environment create uncertainty and consequently risks for an organisation. Managers actions, thereby reducing the risks of uncertainty.

(iii) Reducing Overlapping and Wasteful Activities: Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities by prescribing what is to be done and how this can be done, and only necessary activities are performed without duplication of activities.

(iv) Promoting Innovative Ideas: Planning promotes innovative ideas which are unique in some way to solve business problems or to achieve organisational objectives in new ways. Planning being the primary function of management, new ideas are introduced at the planning stage itself.

(v) Facilitating Decision-Marketing: Planning facilitates decision-marking throughout an organisation by providing guidelines for this. This not only quick decision-marking process but also ensures similarity of decision on the same matters throughout the organisation.

(vi) Providing Basis for Controlling: Planning providing basis for controlling by specifying standards for evaluating actual performance results. If there is any deviation between the two, necessary corrective actions are taken to ensure that no deviation emerges between the two in future.

(i) Equity: Fayol advocated that there should be no discrimination against anyone on the account of sex, religion, language, caste, creed nationality etc. This principles emphasises kindness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards the workers to ensure loyalty and devotion.

For example: Now-a-days, in multinational corporations, equal opportunities are available to everyone.

(ii) Unity of Command: According to this principle, a subordinate should receive orders from one superior and be accountable to one and only one superior. If an employee receives instructions from more than one superior, there is likely to be confusion and conflict.

 Principles of Taylor and Fayol formed a basis for further practice by managers. Their contributions are complementary to each other. Taylor in his principle of ‘Cooperation, not individualism’ suggested that there should be complete cooperation between workers and management. Competition should be replaced by cooperation. Management should not close their ears to any constructive suggestion made by the employees. They should be rewarded for their suggestions which result in reduction of cost. The decisions should be taken by management after taking workers into confidence. 

Similar to this, Fayol advocated principle of ‘Initiative’. According to this principle, workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement. Initiative, i.e. taking the first step with self-motivation is a trait of an intelligent person. Initiative should be encouraged. A good company should have an employee suggestion system whereby initiative/suggestion which results in substantial cost/time reduction should be rewarded.

Interest Coverage Ratio= Net Profit before Interest and Tax/ Interest on Long Term Debts

Net Profit after Tax = Rs. 6,00,000 Tax Rate = 40 % 

Net Profit before tax = 100/(100 – Tax) X Net Profit after tax 

= 100/ 60 X 6,00,000 = 10,00,000 

Net Profit before Interest & Tax = Net Profit before tax + Interest on Long Term Debts 

= 10,00,000 + 4,80,000 = 14,80,000 

Interest Coverage Ratio= Net Profit before Interest and Tax / Interest on Long Term Debts

= 14,80,000 / 4,80,000 = 3.08 Times 

Significance of Interest Coverage Ratio: It reveals the number of times Interest on Long Term Debts is covered by the profits available. A higher ratio ensures safety of interest on Long Term Debts.

The Interest coverage ratio will improve if the company decides to redeem Rs. 5,00,000 debentures assuming that Net Profit after interest and the tax rate will be same.

(a) Delegation 

(b) Three elements of delegation: 

(i) Authority 

(ii) Responsibility and 

(iii) Accountability 

(c) Responsibility 

(d) (i) Recognition 

(ii) Growth for all

 (a) 

(b) Any two of the following values: Transparency, Honesty, Abiding the Law. (Or any other relevant value.

Limitations of planning are as follows: 

(a) Rigidity. The existence of a plan puts managerial activities in a rigid framework. Programmes are carried out according to the plan and deviations are considered to be highly undesirable. This attitude makes managers and employees inflexible in their operation. They become more concerned with observance of rules and procedures as laid down in the plan rather than achieving the goals. 

(b) Does not work in a dynamic environment. The business environment is dynamic in nature. There are various environmental factors affecting the performance of a business such as economic, political, physical, legal and social. Any change in any one of these factors may offer an opportunity or pose a threat to a business organization. For example, the Supreme Court’s decision regarding sealing of shops running in residential areas is a threat to these business firms. Planning does not guarantee that the business will never be affected by adverse circumstances. It is a way of keeping the firm’s eyes and ears open. Thus, planning cannot force everything and it is also subject to the errors and limitations of forecasting. 

(c) Reduces creativity. People in the organization just implement the plans made by top management. They blindly implement the orders which results in loss of initiative and interest in them. Thus, planning reduces creativity as there is nothing new or innovative. 

(d) Involves huge cost. Huge costs are involved in the formulation of plans which may not justify the benefits derived from the plans. Money is spent on incidental costs like expenses on boardroom meeting, discussions with professional experts, etc. 

(e) Time consuming. Planning is a time consuming process and is not practicable during emergency or crisis. It requires a lot of time to collect information, its analysis and interpretation before preparing plans. Sometimes not much time is left for implementation of plan.

(a) The Assumptions of Need Hierarchy Theory are : 

• People’s Needs are in Hierarchical Order, Starting from Basic Needs to Other Higher Level Needs . 
• A Selected Need can No Longer Motivate a Person. Only Next Higher Level Need can Motivate Him.
• A Person Moves to the Next Higher Level of the Hierarchy only when the Lower Need is Satisfied . 

(b) Here Kunal’s Needs are being satisfied through “Promotion” which are categorized under “Esteem Needs”. These Needs refers to Realizing or Reaching to the Aim of your Life. Once the Employee becomes what He wants to become, it means Satisfaction of His Actualization Need . E.g. When a Soldier faces bravely the Bullet of Enemy, He seems to make realize the Self – Actualization Need .

 Distinction between capital market and money market is as follows. 

(i) Participants:- The participants in the capital market are financial institutions, banks, corporate, entities, foreign investors and ordinary retail investors from members of the public. Participation in the money market is by and large undertaken by institutional participants such as the RBI, banks, financial institutions and finance companies. 

(ii) Instruments:-  The main instruments traded in the capital market are equity shares, debentures, bonds, preference shares, etc. The main instruments traded in the money market are short term debt instruments such as T-Bills, trade bills, reposts, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. 

(iii) Investment outlay:- Investment in the capital market, i.e., securities does not necessarily require a hug financial outlay. The value of units of securities is generally low. This helps individuals with small savings to subscribe to these securities. In the money market, transactions entail huge sums of money as the instruments are quite expensive. 

(iv) Duration:- The capital market deals in medium and long-term securities such as equity shares and debentures. Money market instruments have a maximum tenure of one year, and may even be issued for a single day. 

(v) Liquidity:- Capital market securities are considered liquid investments because they are marketable on the stock exchanges. However, a share may not easily find a buyer. Money market instruments on the other hand, enjoy a higher degree of liquidity as there is a formal arrangement for this. The Discount Finance House of India (DFHI) has been established for the specific objective of providing a ready market for money market instruments.

Organizing is a process which involves the following steps: 

(a) Identification and division of work:- The first step in organizing is to identify/divide the total work to be done into specific jobs. Dividing the total work into jobs is necessary because the entire work cannot be done by individual. Division of work facilitates specialization of efforts and skills. 

(b) Grouping jobs and departmentation:- The second step in organising is to combine or group similar or related jobs into larger units called departments, divisions or sections. This grouping process is called departmentation/ departmentalization. Work that is divided into jobs thus, gets combined to facilitate unity of effort. The departments or work units so created are linked together on the basis of their interdependence. 

(c) Assignment of duties:- After considering qualifications, experience and aptitudes of people, group of activities are assigned to an individual who is best suited to perform it. 

(d) Establishing authority relationships/ Establishing reporting relationships:-  The third step in the process of organisning is the creation of authority relationship among the job-holders or job positions. In fact, the various members of the organisation, who perform the jobs are linked by authorityresponsibility relations through the process of organising. In other words, an authority structure is created in this step.

For P P Limited: Investing Activity

For G G Limited: Investing Activity 

 Price mix refers to the activities relating to the price to be charged for the product. Consumers are very sensitive to price changes. A minor change in price may affect the demand for the product and profitability of the producer. Price is the only lament that produces revenue and therefore, it is most important tool of marketing management. 

Following are the factors that affect fixation of price of product : 

(a) Objectives of setting the price. According to different objectives like to capture a large market share, increase in profits, and increase in calls, introducing a new product, price should be set. 

(b) Utility and demand of the product. The utility is the satisfaction derived by the customer from the consumption of a product. A buyer is ready to pay up to the point where the utility from the product is at least equal to the price he is paying for it. Thus, the firm should take into consideration the utility the product is providing to the customer. Further, the elasticity of demand also affects the pricing decision. If the elasticity is more, a slight increase in the prices can have a large decrease in the quantity demanded whereas if the demand of a product is inelastic, the firm is in a position to fix higher prices too. 

(c) Cost of production and other overheads. A simple formula to tax the price is total costs in addition to desired profit. No firm likes to sell its product below the cost of the product. The total cost helps the firm to set the minimum limit of the price. 

(d) Extent of competition in the market. If there is lesser degree of competition, price will tend to be higher and vice-versa. 

(e) Government and legal regulations. If a particular commodity is declared as essential commodity and its prices are regulated, then its firm cannot charge a price on a higher side.

It helps to achieve consumer awareness through educating them about their rights and reliefs available to them.

a. Introduction/ definition of Boolean Operators, “And” “Or” “Not. 

b. If A, B two key words are connected with “OR” operator and made the string, then the search result would be all those records which have key word “A” or key word “B”, any of one of them and also those records which have both the key words “A” and “B”. Example . . . 

c. If A, B two key words are connected with “AND” operator and made the string, the search result would be all those records which have key word “A” and key word “B” both, other records will be not shown in the search result. 

Example . . . 

d. If A, B two key words are connected with “NOT” operator and made the string , the search result would be all those records which have key word “A” but not key word “B”. If the records having key word “A” and “B” both even though since it has key word “B” so it will not be shown in the search result. 

Example . . .

There are several methods of stock verifications : 

a. Accession Number approach- checks books on shelves on the basis of accession number, conducted by 

(i) Accession register, 

(ii) Using separate Register with Accession Numbers, or 

(iii) Preparing separate sheet for which contains accession numbers consecutively. 

b. Call Number Approach: Books are checked on the basis of self list, library maintains self list on the basis of call number and books are also arranged on shelves as per call number. 

c. ICT Approach: Help of technology is taken depending upon the level of automation and adopted technology of that particular library, using BARCODE technology, data collected with help of data collection unit, put into library automation software, and reports are ready, if library using RFID technology, then the data is collected with the help data collection unit meant for RFID and data put into library automation software, reports are ready.

Methods of Stock Verification 

(i) Accession Number Approach: check the books on shelves on the basis of accession number. 

Verification is conducted by: 

• Accession Register 
• Using separate register with accession number 
• Preparing separate sheet containing accession number 

(ii) Call Number Approach: books are checked on the basis of Shelf List 

(iii) Information and Communication Technology Approach: 

• Barcode Technology: Using Data Collection Unit, meant for collecting data from barcode of books and library automation software 
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology: Using Data Collection Unit, meant for collecting data from RFID tags and library automation software.

Systematic checking of the Library’s holding to find out missing items.

To help the users of the library to locate the required books from their place on the shelves. 

A category of facets which characterize the exercise of energy, i.e. activities, operations, problems etc.  

Students are hereby informed that they (a) are not allowed to bring motorised vehicles to school as they do not have valid licences for driving as yet. They are also (b) not allowed to park their cycles at the front entrance but must go to the cycle stand. The library books (c) should be returned within a week of issue as other students may also require them. No student (d) is allowed to walk about or run in the front lawn. Senior students (e) are requested not to go to the Primary Wing without permission.

(a) He was told that he would have to produce the sewing machine in a day. 

(b) He would be speared by the tribe if he could not. 

(c) Howe woke up suddenly as he saw the solution to his problem. 

(d) One night he dreamed that he had been captured by a tribe

(a) (ii) in the field 

(b) (ii) is spending most of his time practicing 

(c) (iii) has been absent for more than 

(d) (iv) for finding out why she has not been coming to school

(a) One day when he had finished the ivory statue of a beautiful woman, he smiled. 

(b) It was the innocent smile of a child at having found something new and unique. 

(c) He was so impressed by the beauty of the statue that he felt like falling down on his knees to worship it. 

(d) He realized that he had created a masterpiece and called this beauty Galatea. 

(e) Since he was a devoted follower of Aphrodite, he prayed to the goddess to breathe life into it. 

(f) After the goddess granted him his wish, Galatea came to life and Pygmalion married her.

(a) He smiled one day when he had finished the ivory statue of a beautiful woman. 

(b) It was the innocent smile of a child at having found something new and unique. 

(c) He was so impressed by the beauty of the statue that he felt like falling on his knees to worship it. 

(d) He realized that he had created a masterpiece and called this beauty, Galatea.

void insertsort( int a[],int n)

{

int p,ptr;

//Assuming a[0]=int_min i.e. smallest integer

for(p=1;p<=n;p++)

{

temp=a[p];

ptr=p-1;

while(temp<a[ptr])

{

a[ptr+1]=a[ptr]; // Move Element Forward

ptr--;

}

a[ptr+1]=temp; // Insert Element in Proper Place

}

(i) F.seekg(0,ios::end);

(ii) F.tellg();

void Reverse( int A[ ] , int n)

{

int temp;

for(int i=0;i<n/2;i++)

{

temp=A[i];

A[i]=A[n-1-i];

A[n-1-i]=temp;

}

}

void EXTRA_ELE(int A[], int B[],int N)

{

 int i,j,flag=0;

 for(i=0;i<N;i++)

 {

 for(j=0;j<N;j++)

 {

if(A[i]==B[j])

{

flag=1;

break;

}

 }

 if(flag==0)

 cout<<"Extra element"<<A[i];

flag=0;

 }

}

void Diagsumboth(int A[][4], int n)

{

int sumLt=0,sumRt=0;

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

{

sumLt+=A[i][i];

else

sumRt+=A[n-1-i][i];

}

cout<<”sum of left diagonal”<<sumlt<<endl;

cout<<”sum of right diagonal”<<sumRt<<endl;

}

∠1 and ∠2 are not adjacent angles because their vertex is not common. 

Reverberation time is the time required for the sound to “fade away” or decay in a closed space. Sound in a room will repeatedly bounce off surfaces such as the floor, walls, ceiling, windows or tables.

(i)  Hyper text transfer protocol

(ii)  File transfer protocol

(iii) Voice ov er internet protocol 

(iv) Secure shell 

(i)   Block C , It has maximum number of computer.

(ii)  LAN

(iii)  Star topology

(iv)  Ethernet Cable

(i)  Bank Fraud 

(ii)  Identity Theft 

(iii)  Cyber Stalking

(a) Genotype of the parents in generation I: 

Male (Father) — Aa 

Female (Mother) — Aa 

Son (Generation II) — Aa 

Daughter (Generation II) — aa 

(b) Genotype of the daughters in generation III—Aa 

(c) It is an autosomal trait, because if the sex-linked trait has to appear in the daughter (generation II), the father must have it; put he does not show the trait and so it is not sex-linked.

In this case, zygote will be XXY and will develop into a male with Klinefelter’s syndrome. Such individuals show feminine characters, gynaecomastia and are sterile. 

Due to these disorders, the woman was prescribed MTP

• The sequences were arranged based on some overlapping regions present in them (Alignment of these sequences was not humanly possible)

• Therefore, specialized computer based programme was developed.

• These sequences were subsequently annotated and were assigned to each chromosome-

• Chromosome  1

• Caenorhabditis elegans