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Dr.Rajendra Prasad 02-09-1946Explanation: he was THEFIRST FOOD and AGRICULTURE MINISTER of India

TÊ ❤.....Media is the plural form of medium, which (BROADLY speaking) describes any channel of communication. This can INCLUDE anything from printed paper to digital data, and ENCOMPASSES art, news, educational content and numerous other forms of information.Hø¶€ ¡T WÎLL h£lP Uh.....Mark me as BRAINLIST....❤❤

he HEAD of the drafting committee in constituent ASSEMBLY was Dr. B. R Ambedkar.Hope it HELPS you!

A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the HEAD of STATE. Monarchs usually rule until they die or PASS down (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication). Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected.ORa FORM of government with a monarch at the head.HOPE IT HELPS !!!PLEASE BRAINLIEAST

घ का संविधान एक ऐसी शासन प्रणाली प्रदान करता है जिसमें राष्ट्रपति को बड़ी संख्या में वास्तविक शक्तियाँ और कार्य सौंपे जाते हैं। राज्य का प्रमुख होने के अलावा, रूस का राष्ट्रपति वस्तुतः कई वास्तविक शक्तियों वाला मुख्य कार्यकारी है। राज्य के प्रमुख के रूप में, वह सभी औपचारिक कार्य करता है और देश के अंदर और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों में रूसी संघ का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। वह रूसी राजदूतों को अन्य देशों में नियुक्त करता है और रूस में अन्य देशों के राजदूतों की साख को स्वीकार करता है। Explanation: राष्ट्रपति संविधान और अधिकारों के गारंटीकर्ता के रूप में: ARTICLE 80 राष्ट्रपति के कार्यालय के लिए प्रदान करता है और नीचे देता है कि वह संविधान और मानव और नागरिक अधिकारों और लोगों की स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी देगा। वह रूस की संप्रभुता, उसकी स्वतंत्रता और राज्य की अखंडता की रक्षा के लिए आवश्यक सभी कदम उठाएंगे। वह राज्य शक्ति के अंगों के ठोस कामकाज और बातचीत सुनिश्चित करेगा। रूस की देश और विदेश नीति के निर्धारक: संविधान राष्ट्रपति को मूल घरेलू और विदेश नीति दिशानिर्देशों को परिभाषित करने का अधिकार देता है। ऐसा करने में, उन्हें संविधान के प्रावधानों के साथ-साथ संघीय कानूनों द्वारा निर्देशित किया जाता है। घरेलू और विदेशी नीतियों का निर्माण और प्रवर्तन संवैधानिक प्रणाली के दोनों मूल सिद्धांतों के अनुसार किया जाना चाहिए, जैसा कि संविधान के अध्याय 1 में और साथ ही रूस के राष्ट्रीय हित में निर्धारित किया गया है। राष्ट्रपति रूस की विदेश नीति के संचालन की निगरानी करता है; संधि के उपकरणों के साथ-साथ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संधियों पर बातचीत और संकेत करता है। वह संघीय विधानसभा की समितियों या आयोगों के परामर्श से अभिनय करने वाले राजदूतों की नियुक्ति करता है और उन्हें याद करता है। सशस्त्र (armed forces) बलों के सर्वोच्च कमांडर: राष्ट्रपति सर्वोच्च कमांडर-रूस के सशस्त्र बलों के प्रमुख हैं। रूस की संप्रभुता, सुरक्षा और अखंडता के लिए सभी खतरों को पूरा करना उनकी सर्वोच्च जिम्मेदारी है। इस अंत के लिए, वह रूस के क्षेत्र में या इसके किसी भी हिस्से में मार्शल लॉ घोषित कर सकता है। हालांकि, उन्हें फेडरेशन काउंसिल और राज्य ड्यूमा को तुरंत इस तरह की अधिसूचना भेजने की आवश्यकता है। कार्यकारी और प्रशासनिक शक्तियां: संविधान का Article 83 रूस की सरकार यानी कार्यकारी या मंत्रालय के संबंध में राष्ट्रपति की शक्तियों को परिभाषित करता है। राष्ट्रपति रूस की सरकार के अध्यक्ष की नियुक्ति राज्य ड्यूमा की सहमति से करते हैं। सरकार के अध्यक्ष का कार्यालय वस्तुतः रूस के प्रधान मंत्री का कार्यालय है। राष्ट्रपति को सरकार की बैठकों की अध्यक्षता करने का अधिकार है। राष्ट्रपति द्वारा किए गए नामांकन पर स्टेट ड्यूमा द्वारा रूस के फेडरल बैंक के अध्यक्ष की नियुक्ति की जाती है। फेडरल बैंक के अध्यक्ष को हटाने के लिए एक समान अभ्यास किया जाता है। रूस सरकार के उपाध्यक्ष और संघीय मंत्रियों को रूस सरकार के अध्यक्ष द्वारा किए गए प्रस्तावों के आधार पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा नियुक्त किया जाता है। संवैधानिक न्यायालय, सुप्रीम कोर्ट और सुप्रीम आर्बिट्रेशन कोर्ट के न्यायाधीश रूस के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की गई सिफारिशों पर फेडरेशन काउंसिल द्वारा नियुक्त किए जाते हैं।  फेडरेशन काउंसिल रूस के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की गई सिफारिशों के आधार पर रूसी संघ के अभियोजक जनरल की नियुक्ति करता है। राष्ट्रपति रूसी संघ की सुरक्षा परिषद का गठन और प्रमुख करता है।राष्ट्रपति रूसी संघ के सैन्य सिद्धांत का समर्थन करते हैं। वह राष्ट्रपति के कार्यालय के कर्मचारियों की नियुक्ति करता है। वह रूस के सशस्त्र बलों की सर्वोच्च कमान को नियुक्त करता है और खारिज करता है। राष्ट्रपति को विषय के कार्यकारी अंगों के ऐसे कार्यों को निलंबित करने का अधिकार है जैसा कि रूस के संविधान, संघीय कानूनों, रूस के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दायित्वों या मानव अधिकारों और नागरिक अधिकारों और स्वतंत्रता के उल्लंघन के लिए माना जाता है। इस तरह के कृत्यों का अंतिम भाग्य उचित अदालतों द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाना है। राष्ट्रपति सत्ता के संघीय अंगों और राज्य की शक्ति के अंगों के बीच मतभेदों को निपटाने के लिए विवाद-निपटान प्रक्रियाओं का उपयोग कर सकते हैं, और विभिन्न विषयों की शक्ति के अंगों के बीच भी। यदि कोई सहमत निर्णय नहीं आता है, तो संबंधित विवाद को उचित न्यायालय द्वारा समीक्षा के लिए भेजा जाता है। To KNOW more Conclusion on the POWER and function of president of russia - Brainly.in brainly.in/question/8900755

If this majority religious group has ACCESS to State power, then it could quite EASILY USE this power and financial RESOURCES to discriminate against and persecute persons of other religions. This tyranny of the majority could result in the discrimination, coercion and at TIMES even the killing of religious minorities.

tion:The FUNDAMENTAL IDEA behind democracy is the idea of equality. All individuals are equal in an essential sense. They have abundant reason to ASCERTAIN who will REIGN over them.PLS MARK AS BRAINLIST...

The FIVE WAYS in which non-WHITES were discriminated against:The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:1. The black population was not given the POLITICAL and economic rights as the whites.The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:1. The black population was not given the political and economic rights as the whites.2. Blacks were forced to live separately.The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:1. The black population was not given the political and economic rights as the whites.2. Blacks were forced to live separately.3. They were also used as cheap labourers.2The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:1. The black population was not given the political and economic rights as the whites.2. Blacks were forced to live separately.3. They were also used as cheap labourers.24. Blacks were not allowed to visit the churches where the whites worshipped.The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:1. The black population was not given the political and economic rights as the whites.2. Blacks were forced to live separately.3. They were also used as cheap labourers.24. Blacks were not allowed to visit the churches where the whites worshipped.5. Trains, buses, taxies, school, colleges, ETC. were all separate for blacks and whites.The five ways in which non-whites were discriminated against:Explanation: if you like it make branliest

संविधान, मूल सिद्धान्तों या स्थापित नज़ीरों का एक समुच्चय है, जिससे कोई राज्य या अन्य संगठन अभिशासित होते हैं।[1]वह किसी संस्था को प्रचालित करने के लिये बनाया हुआ संहिता (दस्तावेज) है। यह प्रायः लिखित रूप में होता है। यह वह विधि है जो किसी राष्ट्र के शासन का आधार है; उसके चरित्र, संगठन, को निर्धारित करती है तथा उसके प्रयोग विधि को बताती है, यह राष्ट्र की परम विधि है तथा विशेष वैधानिक स्थिति का उपभोग करती है सभी प्रचलित कानूनों को अनिवार्य रूप से संविधान की भावना के अनुरूप होना चाहिए यदि वे इसका उल्लंघन करेंगे तो वे असंवैधानिक घोषित कर दिए जाते है।भारत का संविधान विश्व के किसी भी सम्प्रभु देश का सबसे लम्बा लिखित संविधान है,[2] जिसमें, उसके अंग्रेज़ी-भाषी संस्करण में[3] 146,385 शब्दों के साथ, 25 भागों( 22+4A,9A,14A) में 448 अनुच्छेद, 12 अनुसूचियाँ और 104(1951 to 2019) संशोधन हैं, जबकि मोनाको का संविधान सबसे छोटा लिखित संविधान है, जिसमें 97 अनुच्छेदों के साथ 10 अध्याय, और कुल 3,814 शब्द हैं।[4][5]KEEP SMILING.........

Constitutionalism is a political PHILOSOPHY based on the idea that GOVERNMENT authority is DERIVED from the PEOPLE and should be limited by a constitution that clearly EXPRESSES what the government can and cannot do.Explanation:follow please

he wrote a book called long walk to freedom he mentioned a great leaders and about his life.From 1948 through the 1990s, a single word dominated life in South Africa. Apartheid—Afrikaans for “apartness”—kept the country’s majority black population under the thumb of a small white minority. Nelson MANDELA, the movement’s most powerful and well-known representative, had been imprisoned since 1964. But he inspired his followers to continue RESISTING and CONDUCTED secret negotiations to end apartheid.Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and PHILANTHROPIST who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.Apartheid (“apartness” in the language of Afrikaans) was a SYSTEM of legislation that upheld segregationist policies against non-white citizens of South Africa.

Democracy DERIVED from the word DEMOKRATIA..It combines two SHORTER words: 'demos' MEANING WHOLE citizen living within a particular city-state and 'kratos' meaning power or rule.

better to HOLD REGULAR ELECTIONS bcoz it CHANGES our PRESIDENT and makes us much more useful of him to society

The French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central government. In the belgium model of power sharing ... 2-Many POWERS of the central are given to the states. ...AS I ANSWERED YOUR QUESTION... U HAVE TO FOLLOW ME.....AND ALSO MARK AS BRAINLIEST ......PLZ...0LZ...PLZ

Human rights and democracy go hand in hand as democracy is the political system which embodies the autonomy of the INDIVIDUAL inherent WITHIN the idea and concept of human rights. One possibility to legitimate human rights is on the legal or political dimension through a democratic process.HOPE IT WILL HELP YOU. MARK ME AS BRAINLIEST ANSWER.

dvantages notwithstanding, there have been critics of democracy since ancient times. Perhaps the most enduring of their charges is that most people are incapable of participating in government in a meaningful or competent way because they lack the necessary knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, experience, or character. Thus Plato, as noted above, argued that the best government would be an aristocracy of “philosopher-kings” whose rigorous intellectual and moral training would make them uniquely qualified to rule. The view that the people as a whole are incapable of governing themselves has been espoused not only by kings and aristocratic rulers but also by political theorists (Plato foremost among them), religious leaders, and other authorities. The view was prevalent in one form or another throughout the world during most of recorded history until the early 20th century, and since then it has been most often invoked by opponents of democracy in Europe and elsewhere to justify various forms of dictatorship and one-party rule.PlatoPlatoPlato, marble portrait bust, from an ORIGINAL of the 4th century BCE; in the Capitoline Museums, Rome.G. Dagli Orti—DeA Picture Library/Learning PicturesNo doubt there will be critics of democracy for as long as democratic governments exist. The extent of their success in winning adherents and promoting the creation of nondemocratic regimes will depend on how well democratic governments meet the new challenges and crises that are all but certain to occur.Problems And ChallengesAt the beginning of the 21st century, democracy faced a number of challenges, some of which had been problems of long standing, others of which were of more recent origin.Inequality of resourcesAlthough decentralized market economies encouraged the spread of democracy, in countries where they were not sufficiently regulated such economies eventually produced large inequalities in economic and social resources, from wealth and income to education and social status (see income inequality). Because those with greater resources naturally tended to use them to influence the political system to their advantage, the existence of such inequalities constituted a persistent obstacle to the achievement of a satisfactory level of political equality. This challenge was magnified during regularly occurring economic downturns, when poverty and unemployment tended to increase.ImmigrationAfter World War II, immigration to the countries of western Europe, Australia, and the United States, both legal and illegal, increased dramatically. Seeking to escape poverty, violence, or oppression in their homelands and usually LACKING education, immigrants primarily from the developing world typically took menial jobs in service industries or agriculture. Differences in language, culture, and appearance between immigrant groups and the citizens of the host country, as well as the usually widespread perception that immigrants take jobs away from citizens and use expensive social services, made immigration a hotly debated issue in many countries. In some instances, anti-immigrant sentiment contributed to the emergence or growth of radical political parties and movements, such as the National FRONT in France, The Republicans in Germany, the militia movement and various white supremacist groups in the United States, and the skinhead movement in the United States and Britain. Some of these organizations promoted racist or neofascist doctrines that were hostile not only to immigrants but also to fundamental political and human rights and even to democracy itself. In the early 21st century, anti-immigrant sentiment fueled a revival of chauvinistic parties and movements in western Europe and contributed to the electoral victory of U.S. presidential candidate Donald J. Trump in 2016.TerrorismActs of terrorism committed within democratic countries or against their interests in other parts of the world occurred with increasing frequency beginning in the 1970s. In the United States remarkably few TERRORIST ATTACKS had taken place before the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City. The deadliest single act of terrorism anywhere, the September 11 attacks of 2001, destroyed the World Trade Center and killed some 3,000 people, mainly in New York City and Washington, D.C.In response to such events and especially in the wake of the September 11 attacks, democratic governments adopted various measures designed to enhance the ability of police and other law-enforcement agencies to protect their countries against terrorism. Some of these initiatives entailed new restrictions on citizens’ civil and political liberties and were accordingly criticized as unconstitutional or otherwise inconsistent with democratic principles. In the early 21st century it remained to be seen whether democratic governments could strike a satisfactory balance between the sometimes conflicting imperatives of ensuring security and preserving democracy.

ns in which REPRESENTATIVES are chosen by the PEOPLE DIRECTLY is KNOWN as direct elections.The elections in which the representatives are chosen by an electroral COLLAGE is known as indirect elections.

If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in INDIA WOULD have collapsed. (i) Non-cooperation movement was launched by Gandhi in 1920 and it was unfolded in stages. It began with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, COURTS, SCHOOLS and foreign goods.

The Indian National Congress boycotted the election due to its participation in the Non-cooperation movement. The Hindu REPORTED that POLLING was as LOW as 12% in some constituencies and no constituencies reported polling higher than 25%.mark me and follow me..

Answer in Hindi is BelowExplanation:1. संविधान में प्रशासन या सरकार के अधिकार, उसके कर्तव्य और नागरिकों के अधिकार को विस्तार से बताया गया है.2. मसौदा तैयार करने वाली समिति ने संविधान हिंदी और अंग्रेजी में हाथ से लिखकर कैलिग्राफ किया था और इसमें कोई टाइपिंग या प्रिंटिंग शामिल नहीं थी.3. 448 अनुच्छेद, 12 अनुसूची, 5 परिशिष्ट और 100 संसोधनों के साथ दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा संविधान हैं.4. संविधान में सरकार के संसदीय स्‍वरूप की व्‍यवस्‍था की गई है जिसकी संरचना कतिपय एकात्‍मक विशिष्‍टताओं सहित संघीय हो. केन्‍द्रीय कार्यपालिका का सांविधानिक प्रमुख राष्‍ट्रपति है.PLEASE RATE 5 STARS PLEASE...

The Non COOPERATION movement LAUNCHED on the BASIS of the above had three clear objectives in view, namely: (a) Remedy of the Punjab WRONGS done by the British (b) Vindication of the prestige of the Caliphate and (C) Fulfillment of the demand for Swaraj.Explanation: expert plzz

The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the NOTIONS of undivided political power. For a long time, it was believed that all POWERS of a GOVERNMENT must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. But these notions have changed with the EMERGENCE of democracy.hope it HELPS you...mark it as brainliest...

Hope so it is helpful.. Pls follow me.. Like.. Mark me as brainliest.. Thankyou Explanation:The government does a variety of works for the WELFARE of its citizens:It makes decisions and gets things done.It BUILDS roads and schools.It takes decisions about how to reduce the price of essential goods when they get too expensive or WAYS to increase the supply of electricity.It supervises postal and railway services.At the time of natural calamities, it organises aid and assistance for the AFFECTED people.It makes laws for the safety of its citizens. For example, there is a law that SAYS that all persons driving a two-wheeler must wear helmet.

About 48 PERCENT of federal revenue comes from individual income TAXES, 9 percent from CORPORATE income taxes, and ANOTHER 35 percent from payroll taxes that fund social insurance programsHOPE THIS HELPS YOU!!!!!

That is a principle that applies to Nepal as much as it applies anywhere. And it is a principle that we stand FIRMLY behind when it is challenged.” The seven-party alliance chose FORMER prime MINISTER GIRIJA PRASAD Koirala to be the new head of government.

Public health systems are commonly defined as “all public, private, and voluntary entities that CONTRIBUTE to the delivery of ESSENTIAL public health services within a JURISDICTION.” This concept ensures that all entities' contributions to the health and well-being of the community or STATE are recognized in assessing .HOPE THIS HELPS YOU!!!

he 10 Essential Public Health Services DESCRIBE the public health activities that all communities should undertake: Monitor health status to identify and solve community health PROBLEMS Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community Inform, educate, and empower people about health ISSUES Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ENSURE safety Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable Assure competent public and personal health care workforce Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problemsHOPE THIS HELPS YOU!!!

tion:Born in TRIER, Germany, Marx STUDIED law and PHILOSOPHY at university.

The attempt by political scientists to reconceptualise civil SOCIETY has been perceived to be politically motivated. THUS, the concepts of civil society and economic society were put FORWARD against the MARKET and the state. Civil society is also defined as the social interaction between the economy and the state.

tion:democratic gvt is fr the ppl n by the pplppl ELECT their representatives the ppl decide on their elected representatives . they can change their cast of voting to ANOTHER representative of the previous one isn't GOOD eg in India we the citizens r free to cast our votes fr our desirable representativesnon democratic gvt all the decisions is taken by the king or monarch in a monarchy. n the dictator in the dictatorshipppl r not free to elections n casting their votes.eg in South Africa it was not democratic it has recently become a democracyn in Germany too there was dictatorship .in Saudi ARABIA it's the monarch who takes the decisions there r no equal ryts given to women.mark it as brainliest ANSWER dear

I know SUNNY deol s OPINION........... I'm not his friend or NOTHING....................for better answers please follow MEPLEASE mark as brainliest.........................................

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be MADE in pursuance THEREOF; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme LAW of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any

in the Democratic COUNTRY like India in these country their CONSTITUTION GIVE the RIGHTS to the country

if MAJOR PEOPLE are of same community then they would elect their leader who can freely without any RULE as they like as in case of sri LANKA which is CONTRADICTORY to principles of democracy

The Israelites had been in EGYPT for generations, but now that they had become so NUMEROUS, the PHARAOH FEARED their presence. He feared that one day the Isrealites would turn against the Egyptians. Gradually and stealthily, he FORCED them to become his slaves.

Marxism is an ideology that looks at interaction between humans a little bit differently compared to neo-classical (Adam Smith, David RICARDO and Alfred Marshall). Which is perhaps a more direct comparison.Marxism is often grouped within the Political Economy tree of knowledge but it is actually the other way around. Due to Stalinism, Maoism and Leninism, Marxist ideology is often seen to be derived from Political Economy debates.Scholars tend to associate Marxism with Worker’s Rights, Working Class Revolution and complete denunciation of the so called ‘oppressive’ Capitalist ideology. Which are of course subjects discussed within Political Economy.However Marxism comprises of methods of understanding the industrial revolution. Explanation of the modern man’s sickness and also psychoanalysis approach of the human condition. These shows that Marxism is way more than what Political Economic theory have discussed.In ESSENCE, Marxism is a way of LOOKING at market, society and LIFE. Political Economy only puts the concerns of livelihood and happiness within society that also examines the type of interaction between MEMBERS of society and its mobilisation.

ian constitution is BASED on federalism and refers to the existence in the country of more than one level of government. The Constitution defines clearly at every stage the limits of powers. In India there are state and central governments, and Panchayati Raj is the government's third tier. Secularism  is a key feature of the Indian Constitution and defines a secular state as the state officially promotes no single religion as the official religion of the country. The numerous communities in India implied  that it was vital to establish a form of government which not only included people sitting  in New Delhi , the capital, taking decisions for all. It was IMPORTANT, however, for decisions in  relevant area to be taken at a different level of government in the States. Explanation Although any Indian State has autonomy in exercising competences on particular matters, national issues require all such States to obey the laws of the central government. The Constitution details the issues that can be addressed at all government levels in detail. The Constitution provides even where any level of government may receive the funds for its work. In federalism, states are not only FEDERAL officers, they are both based on the constitution. All citizens in India are regulated by the laws and policies of both of these levels of government.Reasons for Secularism India should have a vow of "secularism." The idea was that the government should not interfere in 'personal faiths' and construct conditions under which people of all religions would live in peace. By putting equal emphasis on all faiths, we cultivate unity between VARIOUS religious communities. In essence, this strengthens the solidarity of the government. The introduction of secularism of the Constitution was meant to remind all minorities in India that there is no BIGOTRY or bias of any sort and that it is being viewed equally and fairly. They should have all 'citizen' rights and priviliges' of society, faith, and language.To know moreWhy is it necessary to have secularism in India - Brainly.in brainly.in/question/730188

Different TYPES of Constitution ... This is not an example of the work produced by our Law ESSAY Writing ... that what is written in the constitutional document becomes a SUPERIOR law .

tion:Why PEOPLE travel from 1 part of the world to another ?be CAUSE they wanted more money for FUTURE and increase a populations that why the are MIGRATING

Pakistan, OFFICIALLY the ISLAMIC Republic of Pakistan, is a COUNTRY in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country with a population EXCEEDING 212.2 million. By area, it is the 33rd-largest country, SPANNING 881,913 square kilometres.Explanation:

In the basis of power SHARING arrangements, India and Belgium both COUNTRIES are similar to a certain extent. Power sharing is vertical in both of them. CENTRAL government is the highest in both India and Belgium and then other governments are under Central government as well as the STATE governments.

s ample evidence to suggest that negative expectations and stereotypes about the competence of older adults pervade Western culture (e.g., Hummert, 1999; Kite and Wagner, 2002). For EXAMPLE, older adults are characterized as more forgetful and less able to learn new information (e.g., Hummert, Garstka, Shaner, and Strahm, 1994). In addition, young and OLD people alike believe that there is general memory decline across the latter half of the life span (Lineweaver and Hertzog, 1998; Ryan, 1992; Ryan and Kwong See, 1993). Research corroborates these views: there is abundant evidence that older adults do perform more poorly than younger adults across a wide VARIETY of cognitive tasks (for a review, see ZACKS, Hasher, and Li, 2000).