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in 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Company, and began using it to expand its imperial interests. This became a SOURCE of CONFLICT with the BRITISH in India with the entry of Britain into the war of the Austrian succession in 1744. Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to REQUEST additional FORCES.

The two TYPES of taxes mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka are:

1. Bali
2. BHAGA.

- While Bali is the TAX taken in the form of levy, it has been considered the same during the Mauryan period as WELL.

- Bhaga, on the other hand, is the main revenue that had been levied at the rate of around 1/4th-1/6th. It is mostly imposed on the sharecroppers.

Zainul Abidin is one of the very few rulers who ruled for about 50 years and remained very popular.

On account of his liberal religious policy, PROMOTION of LEARNING, and interest in art and architecture he can be called the fore-runner of AKBAR. He also look several steps for the WELFARE of his subjects.

The Indigo revolt (or NIL vidroha) was a peasant movement and subsequent uprising of indigo farmers against the indigo PLANTERS that arose in Bengal in 1859. Cause LEAD to revolt - Indigo planting in Bengal dated back to 1777. ... The farmers could make no profit growing indigo.

Here is ur ANSWER,
some of people including buddha reached EIGHTFOLD path quickly because they had LESS defilements. The rest of the people need to practice hard to develop concentration and purify the mind. To answer your question, neither Buddha or Ariya followed the Noble Eightfold Path, it just HAPPENED DUE to Vipassana practice.
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The abolition of slavery in the French COLONIES was one of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime. Throughout the French Revolution the Jacobin leader ROBESPIERRE opposed slavery in France and its territories. The slaves in St. Domingue led a revolution against slavery and colonial rule. They liberated themselves and formed an army to oppose re - enslavement. The radical 1793 constitution supported by Robespierre ratified by a national referendum, granted universal suffrage to French MEN and explicitly condemned slavery. But this was not implemented. In 1794, January , delegations representing both former slaveholders and former slaves arrived in France to petition for slavery or its abolition. The National Convention passed a decree banning slavery on February 4. Robespierre praised the French as the first to "summon all men to equality and liberty, and their FULL rights as CITIZENS".

The PERIOD of 1864 and 1817 WORLD WAR 1

Role played by the Jacobins :

The Jacobins managed to include in itself the less PROSPEROUS sections of society like the small shopkeepers, shoemakers etc. (who were earlier denied of any status).

The Jacboins created a new society of their own and SET themselves apart from the Fashionable sections of the society, especially the nobles. Thereby, BRINGING a new identity itself.

They wore Knee-breeches and in addition a red cap symbolizing Liberty.

They helped in bringing out changes in the Election practices. After imprisoning the ROYAL Family, all men of 21 years of age or above, regardless of wealth, got the Right to Vote.

They established a new elected assembly called the Convention.

The Jacobins on 21st September 1792, abolished MONARCHY and declared France as Republic.

Their leader, Maximilian Robespierre, instilled fear and discipline in his reign. He ensured Equality was practiced in all forms of speech and address.

He established the Revolutionary Tribunal which tried the ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties etc. Thereby, leaving no trace of the Monarchy or anyone associated to it.

The Jallianwala Bagh MASSACRE, ALSO known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when TROOPS of the British INDIAN Army under the command of Colonel REGINALD Dyer fired rifles

The names of some prominent Indian LEADERS are

Rani LAXMIBAI ( Rani of Jhansi )


MANGAL Pandey

Hakim Ahsanullah (Advisor of Bahadur Shah 2)

Bakht Khan

Bahadur Shah 2

Nana Sahib

Babu Kumar Singh


Jung Bahadur Rana

Veer Kunwar Singh

Shah Mal

and many others

The Russian REVOLUTION had a great global IMPACT. It had an impact on many things such as, communism, Socialism, democracy, ECONOMY, imperialism, nationalism, and most importantly the DIVISION of the world.Jul 21, 2017

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Zainul Abidin is one of the very few RULERS who ruled for about 50 years and remained very popular.

On account of his LIBERAL religious policy, PROMOTION of learning, and interest in art and ARCHITECTURE he can be called the fore-runner of AKBAR. He also look several steps for the welfare of his subjects.

Administration during Akbar Rule



The entire functioning of Akbar’s administrative system was flawless and so effective. It was amazing to see a system of such a caliber which took in account all the flaws and rendered a completely un-chaotic plan.

Akbar categorized the entire plan into 5 main divisions.

a. The centralized government
b. The Provincial or State governance
c. The Legislative division
d. The Military division
e. The Financial department

Each of which is described further:

1. Centralized Government:

Akbar was the head of the kingdom under who were all the offices and officials. To reduce the work load he distributed the tasks and goals to different officers in the following manner:

• Wakeel: They were the chief advisors of the Emperor who headed the administration

• Diwan: Were of two categories:

A. Mansabdars- Who checked audited and controlled the finances.
B. Mir Baksh- Officials who distributed pays to senior officials.

• Sadar- I- Sadr: He was deployed as the head of the religious advisory whose task was to maintain religious unity.  
• Khan- I - Saman: As his title suggests he was the royal Store In-Charge who facilitated the kitchen, social gatherings’ and the upkeep of palace interiors.
• Muhatib: He was LIKE the royal counselor who was In-charge of the upkeep of Muslim ethics and culture.
• Kotwaal: He was the head of the Intelligence and postal department who kept records of new immigrants.

2. The Provincial Administration

Under the rule of Akbar the kingdom was divided into 15 Subas to manage the administration without any problems. These Subas were allotted to officials who kept a close account of all the activities that took place. These officials were:

• Subedar:  He was the overall In-charge of Provincial development.
• Diwaan: He solicited the matters of finances and bills. He took charge of giving pays to the provincial officers. 
• Sadr: He took care of state level judicial matters and helped people who were needy to get charity.  
• Qazi: He was a local JUDGE who took care of small judiciary matters that could be solved in small time limits.
• Kotwaal: He took charge of the law and order situation on state levels.
• Mir Baksh:  He was In-Charge of local taxes and collection of revenue for the state welfare.
• Waqr-I-Nawis: They were secret detectives and spy services.

3. Military Administration

According to the historians Akbar had the most well equipped and decorated army with high morals which were the result of a planned system.

The army officials under the Mansabdars took care of all the following needs of the soldiers:

a. Getting pay on time
b. Taking care of the well being of injured soldiers
c. Granting them tax free rations. 
d. Regular health check ups and awarding the deserving soldiers.

4. Financial Administration

Land was the main source of earning income during that times.The main officer who took care of the process was the Finance Officer Raja TodarMall who excelled in financial matters and exerted the idea of measuring the land on the scales of BIGHAS.

He classified the land into four divisions that were:

a. POLAJ–Land that was cultivable all throughout the year and gave rich harvests.
b. PARAUTI- Land left fallow after one harvest for almost 2 years to regain lost fertility.
c. CHHACHHAR- Land used for one harvest then left fallow for 4 to 5 years.
d. BANJAR –The infertile land that was not cultivable.

Farmers were given lots of compensations Taxes were removed during draught and floods or any kind of natural calamities.

State got 1/3rd of the produce.

5. The Legislative Administration

Akbar was a very judicious ruler who reformed the judicial system according to the Hindu laws. He was a true DEMOCRAT who valued the feelings and ethical values of his people. He had separate laws for Muslim or Islamic laws.

During Akbar’s reign there were many courts, the highest in rank being the King himself. The King had the authority to pronounce capital punishment.

Akbar’s infallible administrative system PROVES his very wise acumen for bringing about greater changes in the political chaos of a country which was an amalgamation of a bouquet of religions; the major ones being the Hindus and the Muslims.

But Akbar’s APPROACH to see this geo-political situation in a systematic approach was what gave birth to the Federal Administrative system, which is practiced even today in many countries of the world

The Empire under the Mughals was DIVIDED into provinces which were known as SUBHAS. In the beginning Akbar’s REIGN total number of subhas were 12 later on at the time of his death it were 15.During Shah Jahan ‘s time there were 19 subhas.During the Aurangzeb’s reign Mughal Empire had 21 subhas. Some of the important officials were: Subedar or Sipalibalar- He was the governor, his function were the maintenance of law and order, enforcement of imperial decrees and administration of criminal justice in the subha.He was appointed by the Emperor. Diwan-He was in charge of revenue administration of the province. Bakshi-Discharged the duties as Mir Bakshi at the central level. Qazi, sadr, MUHTASIB were other official in the provinces.

The English East India COMPANY felt the need to improve agriculture between 1773 to 1793 and grew crops like cotton JUTE and indigo in ORDE to trade with the other countries to GAIN high PROFITS .

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It was on May 10, 1857 that the Indian soldiers at the MEERUT cantonment in modern UP revolted against the British. May 10, 1857 was a SUNDAY. The British officers at the Meerut cantonment in NORTH India were preparing to attend CHURCH, while many other British soldiers were off duty.

The east India company procured regular supplies of cotton and silk textile from Indian weaver by importing gold and SILVER from Britain to PURCHASE textile from India and after the ASSUMPTION of diwani the importing of gold and silver from Britain was entirely stopped and they started collecting TAXES or REVENUE from India and use the taxes or revenue to purchase textile in India.......

....."The ECONOMIC situation in Germany
briefly improved between 1924-1929.
However, Germany in the 1920s
remained politically and economically
unstable. The WEIMAR democracy
could not withstand the disastrous
Great Depression of 1929. The
disaster BEGAN in the United States of
America, the leading ECONOMY in the
world." ...........

Hi,

Your answer :
The dictionaries agree that "a constitution is the fundamental law of a state" (Law of laws!).

For a constitution to be TRULY democratic, the people must already participate in the elaboration of the constitution. Democracy is written into our constitution of 1958. It was widely approved by the French people on September 28, 1958. All that seems perfect ...
However, by closely examining the texts, as the "Change of jar", it is clear that between the theory (the Constitution) and the practice (politics), there is a world.

We have come to BELIEVE that constitution, democracy and citizenship are inseparable. The case of the Soviet Constitutions is a good example which shows us what it is. That of 1936 "the most democratic in the world" according to Stalin ... GIVES universal suffrage to all citizens of the USSR. In 1937 no less than 96% of Soviet voters voted for Stalin. Let us observe by the way that the meaning of the word "citizen" varies a lot according to places and times.

In France, history shows us how the different constitutions and the forms of the various regimes that have used democracy and universal suffrage evolved. The revolution of February 1848 ended the monarchy and established the Second Republic. The French obtain universal male suffrage. They can now elect the deputies and the President of the Republic. Thus on December 10, 1848 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected first president of the French Republic with 75% of the votes. The electorate was then 9 million voters. On December 2, 1851, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte violated the constitution and organized a coup d'etat. He dissolves the National Assembly ... On 20 and 21 December 1851 the "citizens", 92% GIVE him FULL powers. He reestablished the Empire in 1852, took the name of Napoleon III and the title of Emperor.
(One of his famous quotes: "Above all do not be afraid of the people, he is more conservative than you")

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During the ancient age or the middle age the women used to kill themselves or suicide along with their CHILDREN. They did so to protect themselves from the FOREIGN rulers or kings. As they captured them and treated them very badly i.e. like servants.

It was a general custom of Hinduism and was commonly DONE by queens or PRINCESSES of Rasputin family.

The word is also spelled as 'Jowhar'.

Hope it helps : ))

They PERFORMED the rituals CALLED KSHATRIYA. this RITUAL was done by the help of Brahmins. a king performed this even here was not a Kshatriya by BORN.

To its north, it is separated from MAINLAND Australia by Bass Strait.Tasmania is the only AUSTRALIAN STATE that is not LOCATED on the Australianmainland.

Similarities between liberals and radicals are-
1.They wanted to bring sudden changes in the Russian SOCIETY after FRENCH Revolution .
2.They wanted a nation in which all religions were tolerated and the government was based on the majority of the POPULATION.
3.They wanted to do revolutions in order to bring CHANGE in the society.
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Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments. Marx argued that industrial society was ‘capitalist’. Capitalists owned the capital invested in FACTORIES, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. The conditions of workers could not improve as LONG as this profit was ACCUMULATED by private capitalists. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Marx believed that to FREE themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This WOULD be a communist society. He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists. A communist society was the natural society of the future.
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Because it leads to the disturbance in the minds and life of many people as the school and college are closed, students did STRIKES and there is an environment of ATTACKS everywhere that's why gandhi ji decided to CALL off non corporation movement

The MARCHING song of Azad HIND Sena was KADAM KADAM BADHAYE JA.

Non-cooperation MOVEMENT was WITHDRAWN in 1922.But in OPERATION there isn't 1922.

The Hindu society suffered from MANY social evils during the Sultanate PERIOD.

The four prevalent evils from which the society basically suffered were the Sati system, MARRIAGES of child/ child marriage, ban on remarriage of a WIDOW, caste system and lack of female education.

The caste system leaves its impact on TODAY’s society too.

SLAVERY began BACK in bible TIMES because the LIGHTER people didn't want the darker people to outnumber them. So the lighter people thought they were better than the darker people and that's why racism is here today. I don't KNOW how the french people abolished it though.

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The answer of U r question is.....

Ans:

After the defeat of Germany at the END of the first world war in 1919 the victorious allies wanted to punish Germany for starting the war and also triple it so that it cannot rise again for the Germans the provisions in force on them by the Treaty of Versailles swear slavish this created a reaction in Germany which led to the rise of Hitler and his Nazi PARTY they wanted to RECOVER the territories lost by them in the Treaty of Versailles German dominance over Central Europe and end the restrictions on German ornaments German crystallized Excel furiously under the Nazi and developed a massive army and armament industry which could only be served by a war .....

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1. SUGAR INDUSTRY

2. JUTE industry

Louis XVI of Bourbon dynasty, ascended the throne in 1774. He was MARRIED to Austrian princess MARIE Antoinette. When he became ruler, he found an EMPTY treasury. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. Louis XVI also helped American armies in their war of INDEPENDENCE, which led to further rise to more than 2 billion livres debt. To meet its regular expenses, the state was forced to increase taxes. Nobles, clergy and rich men were exempted from paying taxes, it was the THIRD estate which bore the brunt.



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this is the ANSWER for YPUR QUEDTION

British wanted to take over Rani LAKSHMI BAI's KINGDOM on the basis of Doctrine of Lapse which means that a kingdom will be taken under the rule of British empire if it doesn't have any heir or a present king.
And as we know Rani Lakshmi Bai did not have any real son. HOWEVER they have adopted one.

ANSWER-》》

The first NEWSPAPER of INDIA was Hickey's BENGAL Gazette it was a English Newspaper PUBLISHED from Kolkata in 1780 for 2 years.

Udant Martand was first Hindi newspaper published from Kolkata in 30th MAY 1826.

It is a language which is USED and SPOKE by almost everyone EVEN who is not that LITERATE for example language of ORDINARY people in Maharashtra is Marathi