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Heya ===

you live with them almost EVERYDAY, even in the very cold winter months! They are everywhere and are the LARGEST animal phylum -- about 85% of all known animals in the WORLD are part of this class....

example==They are spiders, INSECTS, centipedes, mites, ticks, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, krill, barnacles, scorpions and many, many others.

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Heya============


 Pseudo-stratified epithelium ... These are Layers of living SQUAMOUS epithelium formed by CUBOIDAL cells; Found in moist surface like, buccal cavity, OESOPHAGUS, VAGINA; Functions– PROTECTION from mechanical damage ....

tysm............#kundan

Stem cell TREATMENTS are a desirable therapeutic option to REGENERATE MYOCARDIUM and improve cardiac function after MYOCARDIAL infarction.

Hey!...here's your answer..
the process of transfer of MENTAL and PHYSICAL characters from PARENTS to progeny is called HEREDITY...

The TERM CHROMOSOME was INTRODUCED by WALDEYER in 1888

It is a CATEGORY that ranks above CLASS and below kingdom.

write the scientific names we USED to rules that is:
the GENUS name
and
spices name

hope it HELPS you

23 CHROMOSOMES, even if it's an unfertilized egg, the chromosome NUMBER doesn't change.
In few CASES there are ABNORMALITIES which are VARIOUS Syndromes.

Hey friend, here is your answer....

The major parts of the digestive system:

Salivary GLANDS.-The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three PAIRED major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands.

Pharynx.-the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus.or the part of the alimentary canal immediately behind the mouth in invertebrates.

Esophagus-the part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.

Stomach.-the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of FOOD occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the oesophagus to the small intestine.

Small Intestine-the part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively.

Large Intestine-the lower part of the bowels in which WATER is removed from digested food before it is passed out of the body as solid waste.

Rectum-the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Liver-a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes.

Gall bladder-the small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine.

Pancreas-a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones INSULIN and glucagon.

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An example of REPRODUCTIVE isolation due to differences in the MATING season are found in the TOAD SPECIES Bufo American us and Bufo fowleri.

Hey friend,
Here is your answer:

The plasma MEMBRANE or the cell membrane is a semi PERMEABLE membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through it while it prevents others.

If cell membrane ruptures, substances can EASILY enter the cell and destroy the cell. It can bring various DISEASES in the ORGANISM and malfunctioning of the cells.

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An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical ENERGY. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.

Photosynthesis:-

Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things.


Reaction:-
6CO2 + 6H2O ----------------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight energy

Autotropic photosynthesis:-

All photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. There is only one photosynthetic formula: CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Chemosynthesis is the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food.


chemosynthetic autotrophic

Chemosynthetic bacteria are organisms that use inorganic molecules as a source of energy and convert them into organic substances.

Chemosynthetic bacteria, unlike plants, OBTAIN their energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules, rather than photosynthesis.

Chemosynthetic bacteria use inorganic molecules, such as ammonia, molecular hydrogen, SULFUR, hydrogen sulfide and ferrous iron, to produce the organic compounds needed for their subsistence.

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Hi
Here is ur answer...
MOULTING is the manner in which an animal routinely cast off PARTS of it's body(USUALLY OUTER LAYER or covering .)

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On the basis of method of polymerization polymers can be of two types either condensation or ADDITION

in addition Polymers the two MONOMER join to form the POLYMER where there is no elimination of molecules like H2O HCL etc

but when compared to condensation polymers. in condensation Polymers there is the joining of the two monomers by the elimination of a small molecule like HCL or H2O

Humans lack CELLULASE , an enzyme that acts to decompose cellulosic material.Humans also have LOST the cellulase PRODUCING bacteria to evolution oiver the time.Most MAMMALS have only very limited ability to digest dietary fibres such as cellulose by themselves. In many herbivorous ANIMALS such as ruminants like cattle and sheep and gut-fermenters like horses, cellulases are produced by symbiotic bacteria....

Very few amphibians and reptiles can produce cellulase

In most of the plants, Carbon is TRANSFERRED with the help of the sugar *Sucrose*.

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Autophagy mediates neutrophil RESPONSES to bacterial infection. ...Neutrophils constitute the first line of cellular DEFENSE against pathogens and one of the ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS of human innate immune system RECRUITED to the site of infection.

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Heya====

Coenocytic cells are present in DIVERSE and unrelated groups of ALGAE, including XANTHOPHYCEAE (e.g., Vaucheria), RED algae (e.g., Griffithsia) and GREEN algae (e.g., the internodal cells of Chara)........

but here asking about algae so ur answer............chara

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In the winter urethra keep out BECOME large SCALE because during winter sweat is not EMIT ,THEREFORE urethra will emit in larger scale

In HYPOTONIC SOLUTION they become TURGID and in SUGAR or HYPERTONIC solution they shrink.

The ROLE of double FERTILISATION is to PRODUCE embryo and endosperm to produce viable seeds in angiosperms.

Because protein helps in GROWTH and MAKES bones STRONG.

In HYPOTONIC solution ,it becomes turgid
In hypertonic soln it SHRINKS and has no EFFECT in ISOTONIC soln.

Excavata

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Hello friend this is your answer..


Van Leeuwenhoek DISCOVERED "protozoa" - the single-celled ORGANISMS and he called them "animalcules". He also improved the microscope and laid foundation for microbiology. He is often cited as the FIRST microbiologist to study muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries.

Hope it helps....

DNA consists of two strands in a double helix. HYDROLYSIS of a protein would PRODUCE: ... In some places the BACKBONE of a protein molecule may twist (coil or SPIRAL) or FOLD back on itself(zig-zag).

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All epithelia have an upper surface designed for PROTECTION, sensing and secretion, and a lower surface designed to pass materials into cells under the surface (called apical basal polarity). Most upper surface cells have small hair-like extensions that increase surface area to absorb or secrete SUBSTANCES. Thicker plasma membrane extensions are called microvilli and thinner ones are called cilia. Cilia move to carry materials along the surface. Epithelial cells form sheets of closely fitting cells with openings for gland cells, hairs, pores and sensory cells. All epithelia are supported by connective TISSUE such as COLLAGEN protein fiber which helps it resist stretching and tearing. Epithelia does not contain blood vessels or capillaries (called avascular). Epithelia usually has nerve fibers (called innervated) to control secretion, absorption, sensing, and contractions of muscle fibers. Epithelial calls regenerate quickly to heal from LOSS of tissue and injury.

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Fruits that are MATURED ovaries of flowers are called true fruits and fruits that develop from other FLORAL parts of plants are called FALSE fruits. For example, in apple, the thalamus produces the fleshy EDIBLE part; thus, apple is a false fruit. Mango, on the other HAND, develops from the ovary of the flower; thus, it is a true fruit.
Fruits that develop without fertilisation are called parthenocarpic fruits. Since no fertilisation takes place, such fruits are seedless. Banana is an example of a seedless fruit.

Ur answer is both A and B as HUMAN leucocytes have the ABILITY 2 CHANE their shape...

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Telmorphic REACTION and zygotrophic reaction

Hi..

Ur ANSWER is soft rot in SWEAT POTATOES...

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Heya !!!!

Here's your answer !!!

The features for categorising Monocots and dicots ......

➡ Monocots :

▶ MONOCOT seeds have single cotyledon ....

▶ ADVENTITIOUS root system is present.....

▶ Leaves show parallel VENATION....

▶Leaves are isobilateral ....

▶ Secondary growth is absent....

▶ Flowers are TRIMEROUS ....


➡Dicots :

▶Dicot seeds have two cotyledons....

▶Tap root system is present .....

▶ Leaves show reticulate venation......

▶Leaves are dorsiventral....

▶ Secondary growth takes PLACE.....

▶ Flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous.....



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Heya,

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes which lack cell wall and chlorophyll.
Except some lower animals, organisms of Kingdom Animalia possess a definite body shape. They grow till their body attains maturity.

The CLASSIFICATION of Kingdom Animalia is based on various characteristic which are as follows,

• Structural differentiation of body.
•Body symmetry.
•Body cavity.
•Germinal layers.
•Notochord

✴PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Poriferans are Diploblastic acoelomate plant like organisms.
•Called Sponges
•Found in marine habitat.
Ex.... Sycon

✴PHYLUM COELENTRATA

•Cnidarians are Diploblastic acoelomate organisms
•Their body has tissue level organisation.
•Found in marine as well as fresh water.
Ex... Hydra

✴PHYLUM PLATYHEMINTHES

•Having dorso-vebtrally flattened Triploblastic acoelomate body.
•Nervous system is well developed in these organisms.
•There's no body cavity.
Ex.... Planaria

✴PHYLUM NEMATODA

•They are called roundworms.
•The organisms demonstrate organ system level of organisation
•They found freely in water or soil.
Ex... Male, female Ascaris

✴PHYLUM ANNELIDA

•Found in sea water, fresh water or in moist soil.
•Annelids maybe unisexual or hermaphrodites.
•Reproduction occurs by sexual means.
Ex... Nereis

✴PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• The phylum consist of Triploblastic, segmented, billaterally symmetrical organisms.
•Body is differentiated.
•It is the "Largest phylum",comprising approx 90% of all organisms in Kingdom Animalia.
•Found in land , water and as parasites.
Ex....Butterfly

✴PHYLUM MULLUSCA

•They are Triploblastic.
•Body is covered by a thin and fleshy "mantle".
•Separate sexes are found.
Ex... PILA (apple snail)

✴PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

•It comprises Marine animals.
•They are Triploblastic, Enterocoelomic.
•Sexes are separate.
Ex.... Asterias (STAR fish)

✴PHYLUM CHORDATA

•Thet are Triploblastic, enterocoelomates.
•Having bilaterally symmetrical bodies.
•Presence of a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM CHORDATA

There are subphyla of phylum chordata.... "protochordata " and "Vertebrata".

✴PROTOCHORDATA

•These are non - vertebrates.
•Mainly occur in marine habitat.
•Single layer epidermis is present.
Ex.... Herdmania

✴VERTEBRATA

•Sexes are separate.
•Paired appendages are seen.
•Respiration occurs by gills and by lungs.

✴PHYLUM VERTEBRATA.....

There are following classes of VERTEBRATA

•Pisces
Ex... Trygon

•Class Amphibia
Ex... Toad

•Class Reptila
Ex... Turtle

•Class Aves
Ex... Tyto Alba

•Class Mammalia
Ex... Cat

Hope this will help you!! : )

Ii..
Gynoecium is d female reproductive part of a flower..
It has stigma , style and overy as its main CONSTITUENTS .....
DIFFERENT types of gynoecium are classified on their positions as HYPOGYNOUS , perigynous and epigynous...


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