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It is OBVIOUS that poor economic and SOCIAL status can BADLY affect our overall health. Stressful circumstances can be one of the leading causes for bad physical or mental health. Anxiety levels, social isolation, lack of PROPER work FACILITIES, reduced self esteem, bad home life or family life.

Blood is normally slightly BASIC, with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. USUALLY the BODY maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40. A DOCTOR evaluates a person's ACID-base balance by measuring the pH and levels of carbon dioxide (an acid) and bicarbonate (a base) in the blood.

Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma. They HELP to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata. ... Notice that in figure A the guard cells are turgid, or swollen, and the stomatal opening is large. This turgidity is CAUSED by the ACCUMULATION of K+ (POTASSIUM ions) in the guard cells.

Stomata are functional UNITS of the epidermis serving the exchange of gases between the intercellular spaces of the plant and its surrounding. They are especially common � and of characteristic shape � at the epidermis of the leaf�s underside of most species. Their development differs from plant group to plant group, but unequal cell divisions are always involved. A functional unit consists of the guard cells themselves that contain nearly always chloroplasts, and of their neighbouring subsidiary cells that are usually devoid of chloroplasts.

It is well-known that stomata open in a humid surrounding, and close when it is dry. J. HEDWIGwas the first researcher of the 18th century who understood that they work as �transpiration openings�. Today, it is spoken of their involvement in transpiration instead. It was THUS not far-fetched to put the stomatas� mechanism back to changes of the TURGOR, and to classify them as turgor movements. This assumption was verified in plant-anatomical studies of the stomata (and especially of their cross-sections). The outer and the inner walls of many species are strongly thickened compared to the lateral walls. They put therefore up considerable esistance to every deformation. The wall between guard and subsidiary cell and the wall that makes up the opening are rather thin and are easily stretched. This asymmetry of the cell�s structure and of the wall thicknesses explains the directed movement caused by the turgor. The mechanics of the guard cells becomes thus understandable. The explanation how the movement is elicited and regulated was more DIFFICULT to find. Water proved to be an important, though not the only controlling FACTOR of guard cell movements.

The BRONCHI (or bronchus) are the air passages into the lungs that begin at the end of the trachea. ... Thebronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air PASSES through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no LONGER contain cartilage or glands in their sub-mucosa.

R.H. Whittaker proposed afive kingdom CLASSIFICATION of livingorganisms on the BASIS of LINNAEUS' system of Classification. The FIVE kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and ANIMALIA.

Both PREBIOTICS and probiotics are IMPORTANT for HUMAN health. However, they play different ROLES: Probiotics: These are live BACTERIA found in certain foods or supplements. They can provide numerous health benefits

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JANAPADAS:

=> The word jana means ' TRIBE'.
=> the janapadas were the realms,republics and KINGDOMS of the VEDIC period of the indian sub contient.
=> they were the group of kingdoms.

MAHAJANAPADAS:

=> They were the group of janapadas.
=> mahajanapadas is the word derived from sanskrit that has meaning of great kingdom.

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Bt cotton is a GENETICALLY modified crop. ... Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis - a soil BACTERIUM which contains a toxic gene called Bt gene.

Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to bollworm.

About ten YEARS ago, Monsanto scientists inserted a toxin gene from the bacterium called Bt (which is the nickname for Bacillus thuringiensis) into cotton plants to create a caterpillar-resistant variety. The gene is DNA that carries the instructions for producing a toxic protein.

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Alkaline COPPER sulphate solution is USED for detecting proteins which act as sustainable reagent.

In FACT, this is highly prepared by MIXING 0.5ml copper sulphate and 0.5ml sodium potassium tartarate and 50ml sodium carbonate.

This is mixed to form folin phenol reagent and diluted with 1:1 ration distilled water. It is standard protein solution and bovine serum includes albumin in 0.1 N NaOH.

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Any amount of alcohol in your bloodstream can impact your driving ability. The effects of alcohol abuse vary greatly, putting you at risk for causing an accident or highway injury. SAFE driving requires the ability to CONCENTRATE, make good judgements and quickly react to situations. However, alcohol affects these skills, putting yourself and OTHERS in danger. that is why The drunken person should not drive vehicles.

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alveolar wall features

1) the wall of alveolar has large SURFACE area of large exchange of gases

2) the wall is moist ENOUGH for oxygen to dissolve

3) they have thin lining to allow oxygen to diffuse into blood

4) they are SURROUNDED by small blood capillaries to allow easy TRANSPORT of oxygen into blood

5) oxygen and carbon-di-oxide diffuse from blood to air sacs simultaneously

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PICTURE of the Penis. ... Glans (head) of the penis: In uncircumcised MEN, the glans is covered with pink, moist tissue called mucosa. COVERING the glans is the FORESKIN (prepuce). In circumcised men, the foreskin is surgically REMOVED and the mucosa on the glans transforms into dry skin.

A notochord
A DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE chord
Pharyngeal sits
Post ANAL TAIL

The SCIENTIFIC study of that the development of living is controlled by QUALITIES that have been PASSED on from PARENTS to children

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Bacteria in your GUT and in your cells CREATE ammonia when your body breaks down protein. Ammonia is a waste PRODUCT. Your liver TURNS ammonia into a chemical called urea.

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There are three postulates of cell THEORY. The first two points were GIVEN be SCHWANN and schleiden and the last one was given by Redolf Virchow.Following are these points: ... All living CELLS arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and FUNCTION in all living organisms.
All organisms are made of one or more cells.

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☸Batrachophobia is the FEAR of AMPHIBIANS, such as FROGS, NEWTS, SALAMANDERS, etc.


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Well NERVOUS system HELPS in sending impulses to CARRY out VARIOUS ACTIVITIES.

The Marchantia shows differentiation into two layers: an upper assimilatory region and a lower STORAGE region with a well-defined upper epidermis with air channels . The thallus features tiny cup-like STRUCTURES called gemmae cups, which are used for asexual reproduction. The combination of barrel-shaped pores and gemmae cups are diagnostic of the genus.

Multicellular purple colored scales with SINGLE cell THICKNESS and unicellular RHIZOIDS are present on the ventral surface of the thallus

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IF STRIATED MUSCLES CONTRACT RAPIDLY FOR THE LONGER TIME THAN IT MAY CAUSE YOU MUSCLE CRAMPS . AND ALSO WE FEEL TIRED .

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Cerebrum controls VOLUNTARY actions.. PEOPLE have problems in walking STRAIGHT after drinking bcoz their cerebrum is affected..
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› If a PERSON has CONSUMED 5 tablets of 250 mg at a time, it is regarded as an over DOSAGE.

If the DOSE rises above 1000mg, then it is regarded as an over dosage. Once there is an over dosage, there are chances of an organ like the brain, kidney or heart to start failing inside the body.

The organ starts to fail and it can lead to death.



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• any of several large, carnivorous, thick-skinned, long-bodied, AQUATIC reptiles (family Crocodylidae and especially genus Crocodylus) of tropical and subtropical waters that have a long, tapered, V-shaped snout broadly : crocodilian.

• Typically, Nile crocodiles are relatively inert creatures, as are most crocodilians and other large, cold-blooded creatures. More than half of the crocodiles OBSERVED by Cott (1961), if not disturbed, spent the hours from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm continuously basking with their jaws open if conditions were sunny. If their jaws are bound together in the extreme MIDDAY heat, Nile crocodiles may easily die from overheating. Although they can remain practically motionless for hours on end, whether basking or sitting in shallows, Nile crocodiles are said to be constantly aware of their surroundings and aware of the presence of other ANIMALS.
• However, mouth-gaping (while ESSENTIAL to thermoregulation) may also serve as a threat display to other crocodiles, for example when specimens have been observed mouth-gaping at night when overheating is not a risk.
• In Lake Turkana, crocodiles rarely bask at all through the day, unlike crocodiles from most other areas, for unknown reasons, usually sitting motionless partially exposed at the surface in shallows with no apparent ill effect from the lack of basking on land

☆ Antigens are the substances when enter a body, CAUSES diseases. They are cable of stimulating/weakening immune SYSTEM and the activating lymphocytes which are also referred as white BLOOD cells ( infection fighting agents). They are mainly microbes such as bacteria, fungi or parasites. They can also come from external environment like chemicals, viruses and and pollen.

☆ Antibiotics are chemical substance produced by microorganisms and used to kill the growth of other microbes.

□ WORKING OF ANTIBIOTICS ..

● They block biochemical Pathways important for bacteria and hence are effective against them.

● MANY bacteria make a cell wall to protect themselves Penicillin (ANTIBIOTIC) blocks the bacterial process that built cell walls .

● Antibiotics works only against bacteria and not against viruses.

● They don't affect human cells as they don't have cell wall

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the concentration of harmful CHEMICAL INCREASES with EVERY next tropic level in the FOOD chain is called Biological magnification.

✨ maximum concentration of such chemical get accumulated in HUMAN body has human occupy the top level in any food chain.

Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), first described by Shulman in 1974, is a rare disorder of UNKNOWN etiology characterized by symmetric and painful swelling with progressive induration and thickening of the skin and soft tissues.1-3 In KOREA, EF was first reported in 1980.4 Inflammation of the fascia is not associated with exposure to toxic chemicals or with collagen vascular DISEASE. Peripheral eosinophilia is frequently present,5,6 and a good response to systemic CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY is characteristic of EF. In this case, we describe a 19-year-old female with EF whose only initial symptom was symmetric pitting edema in her lower legs without skin abnormalities.


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The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the SPLEEN. ... "Reticuloendothelial system" is an older term for the mononuclear PHAGOCYTE system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is UNDERSTOOD that most ENDOTHELIAL cells are not macrophages.


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Cross-PRESENTATION is the ability of certain antigen-presenting cells to TAKE up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (CYTOTOXIC T cells). Cross-priming, the result of this process, describes the stimulation of naive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells into activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.This process is necessary for immunity against most tumors and viruses that do not readily infect antigen-presenting cells, but rather intracellular tumors and viruses that infect peripheral tissue cells.Cross presentation is also required for the INDUCTION of cytotoxic immunity by vaccination with protein antigens, for example, tumour vaccination.


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The prime objective of the study was to investigate the effect of sowing DATE and nitrogen application rates on maize dry matter, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency under rainfed and irrigated condition. The field experiment was a randomized split plot design with three replicates. Sowing date was taken as the main plot and nitrogen rate was considered as the subplot under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Two planting dates were considered, NAMELY; timely and LATE sowing scenarios. The nitrogen rates considered were 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 100 (N100) and 125 (N125) kg ha−1 and 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 80 (N80) and 100 (N100) kg ha−1 of urea for irrigated and rainfed maize, respectively. Grain yield and other yield parameters (KERNEL number, and cob number), plant dry matter weight, agronomic efficiency (AEN), partial factor productivity of nitrogen ..



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Biological Inorganic Chemistry: A New Introduction to Molecular Structure and Function, Second Edition, PROVIDES a comprehensive discussion of the biochemical aspects of metals in living systems. Beginning with an overview of metals and selected NONMETALS in biology, the book then discusses the FOLLOWING concepts: basic coordination chemistry for BIOLOGISTS; structural and molecular biology for chemists; biological ligands for metal ions; intermediary metabolism and bioenergetics; and methods to study metals in biological systems. 



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MALARIA caused by plasmodium(protozoan)

measles caused by paramyoxyvirus(VIRUS).

kala AZAR caused by leishmainia (prortozoan parasites)

Taj MAHAL is affected by the Ganga and YAMUNA the dumping of few words and other WASTE in the water And the polutions of the SMOKE which are made by industries which are more near the Taj Mahal

Merits:-

1- It has helped in stabilising food prices and making food available to consumers at affordable prices.

2- It has helped in AVOIDING hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus regions of the country to deficient regions.

3- The system of Minimum Support Price (MSP) and PROCUREMENT has contributed to increase in foodgrain production.

Demerits

1-Instances of hunger occur despite granaries being full. This points to certain lacunae or inefficiency in the system.

2- High levels of buffer stocks often leads to wastage of foodgrains and deterioration in quality.

3- The storage of foodgrains inculcates high carrying costs on the government.

4- The provision of MSP has encouraged FARMERS to divert land from production of coarse grains that are consumed by poor, to rice and WHEAT

During voluntary CONTRACTIONS, a striated muscle is extended by the action of an antagonistic muscle. ... The fibers of striated muscle have a CYLINDRICAL shape with blunt ends, whereas those in SMOOTH muscle can be DESCRIBED as being spindle-like with tapered ends.

you SEEN in image

Melanin is produced within the skin in CELLS called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin COLOR of darker-skinned humans. The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective TISSUE under the dermis and by the HEMOGLOBIN circulating in the veins of the dermis.

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UPSC CDS Answer Key 2018 with QUESTIONS for Paper 2 (General Knowledge)

   By GK Planet Team        Sunday, 4 February 2018

UPSC CDS 1 2018 GK Answer Key

Directions :The following seven[7] items consists of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below.
Code :
[a] Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
[b] Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
[c] Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q.1) Statement I :
By far the most common topographic form in a Karst terrain is the sinkhole
Statement II :
Topographically, a sinkhole is a depression that VARIES in depth from less than a matter to few hundred meters.
Answer B

A sinkhole is a hole in the ground that forms when water dissolves surface rock. Often, this surface rock is limestone, which is easily eroded, or worn away, by the movement of water.
In a landscape where limestone SITS underneath the soil, water from rainfallcollects in cracks in the stone. These cracks are called joints. Slowly, as the limestone dissolves and is carried away, the joints widen until the ground above them becomes unstable and COLLAPSES. The collapse often happens very suddenly and without very much warning. Water collects in these collapsed sections, forming sinkholes.

Sinkholes also form when the roofs of caves collapse. Sinkholes are often funnel-shaped, with the wide end open at the surface and the narrow 

Dialysis fluid is produced by the BLENDING of TREATED water with electrolytes at the PATIENTS bed side