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Answer:

PROKARYOTIC CELLS carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the INNER surfaces of the cells. More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the MITOCHONDRIA are the site of most of the reactions.

ANSWER:

Haplophytes.........

EXPLANATION:

Explanation:

Protected within the skull, the brain is COMPOSED of the cerebrum, CEREBELLUM, and brainstem. ... The brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and the function of MANY organs within our body. The CENTRAL nervous SYSTEM (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer:

LIPID and protein

Explanation:

lipid from smooth ENDOPLASMIC

protein from ROUGH endoplasmic

EXPLANATION:

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Hello dear!

Autotrophic Nutrition:

The mode of NUTRITION in which ORGANISM prepare their own food Example - Plants

Heterotrophic Nutrition:

The mode of nutrition in which organisms are DEPENDENT on other for their food. Example- Human

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Answer:

Explanation:

1Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

2Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

3Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220-3808, USA

4Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA

5Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA

Received 3 September 2011; Revised 16 November 2011; Accepted 18 November 2011

Academic Editor: Carlo Garzelli

Copyright © 2011 Grace E. MARX and Edward D. Chan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) and has very high morbidity and mortality. TBM is typically a subacute disease with symptoms that may persist for weeks before diagnosis. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings of TBM include a lymphocytic-predominant pleiocytosis, elevated protein, and low glucose. CSF acid-fast smear and culture have relatively low sensitivity but yield is increased with multiple, large volume samples. Nucleic acid amplification of the CSF by PCR is highly specific but suboptimal sensitivity precludes ruling out TBM with a negative test. Treatment for TBM should be initiated as soon as clinical suspicion is supported by initial CSF studies. Empiric treatment should include at least four first-line drugs, preferably isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin or ethambutol; the role of fluoroquinolones remains to be determined. Adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids has been shown to improve mortality with TBM. In HIV-positive individuals with TBM, important treatment considerations include drug INTERACTIONS, development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, unclear benefit of adjunctive corticosteroids, and higher rates of drug-resistant TB. Testing the efficacy of second-line and new anti-TB drugs in ANIMAL models of experimental TBM is needed to help determine the optimal regimen for drug-resistant TB.

1. Introduction

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and is the most common form of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB). TBM is associated with a high frequency of neurologic sequelae and mortality if not treated promptly [1–5]. TBM is rare in developed countries with about 100 to 150 cases occurring annually in the US, less than 3% of the estimated 4,100 annual cases of bacterial meningitis [6, 7]. The disease occurs when subependymal or subpial tubercles, also known as “Rich foci” seeded during bacillemia of primary infection or disseminated disease, rupture into the subarachnoid space [8]. Individuals with increased risk for TBM include young children with primary TB and patients with immunodeficiency caused by aging, malnutrition, or disorders such as HIV and cancer [9, 10]. The use of antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) neutralizing antibody has also been associated with increased risk of extrapulmonary TB including TBM [11]. Most have no known history of TB, but evidence of extrameningeal disease (e.g., pulmonary) can be found in about half of patients [3, 4]. The tuberculin skin test is positive in only about 50% of patients with TBM. In low TB prevalence areas, TBM is most commonly seen with reactivation TB.

Answer:

Explanation:

A sediment-type self-sustained phototrophic microbial fuel cell (MFC) was developed to generate electricity through the SYNERGISTIC interaction between photosynthetic microorganisms and heterotrophic bacteria. Under illumination, the MFC continuously produced electricity without the external input of exogenous ORGANICS or NUTRIENTS. The current increased in the dark and decreased with the light on, possibly because of the NEGATIVE effect of the oxygen produced via photosynthesis. Continuous illumination inhibited the current production while the continuous dark period stimulated the current production. Extended darkness resulted in a decrease of current, probably because of the consumption of the organics accumulated during the light phase. Using COLOR filters or increasing the thickness of the sediment resulted in a reduction of the oxygen-induced inhibition. Molecular taxonomic analysis revealed that photosynthetic microorganisms including cyanobacteria and microalgae predominated in the water phase, adjacent to the cathode and on the surface of the sediment. In contrast, the sediments were dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, becoming less diverse with increasing depth. In addition, results from the air-cathode phototrophic MFC confirmed the light-induced current production while the test with the two-chamber MFC (in the dark) indicated the presence of electricigenic bacteria in the sediment.

ANSWER:

The raw materials of PHOTOSYNTHESIS, water and carbon dioxide, ENTER the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave the leaf. Water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves through SPECIALIZED plant cells KNOWN as xylem vessels.

Answer:

Explanation:

Bioaerosol EXPOSURE assessment and the protection of civil/governmental/military establishments from bioterrorism require the development of low-power bioaerosol collectors that are able not only to efficiently collect airborne microorganisms, but also to preserve their biological integrity. In search for such a method, a new bioaerosol sampler was evaluated. In this device, the airborne microorganisms are imparted electrical charges and are then deposited in an electrical field onto a growth medium (AGAR). Experiments were conducted with Pseudomonas fluorescens vegetative cells, Bacillus subtilis var. niger (BG) endospores (used to SIMULATE the spores of anthrax-causing Bacillus anthracis when testing bioaerosol sensors) and Penicillium brevicompactum fungal spores. It was found that 80–90% of initially “charge-neutralized” biological particles were removed from the air, when a small amount of ionization was generated in the electrostatic precipitator's (ESP) inlet and a precipitation voltage of was applied across the agar plates. Over 70% of viable BG and P. brevicompactum spores entering the ESP were enumerated as colony forming units. The bioefficiency of the new sampler was about the same as that of the Biosampler, which was tested in parallel. In experiments with sensitive P. fluorescens vegetative cells, the ESP enumerated twice as many cells as the Biosampler. The latter result indicates that the electrostatic COLLECTION method may be especially useful for the collection and enumeration of sensitive airborne microorganisms. Experiments investigating the effect of aging time on the amount of electrical charge carried by the airborne microorganisms showed that the level of electrical charge gradually decreases with increasing aging time. However, even after the P. fluorescens cells had remained airborne for an HOUR, they retained enough electrical charge to be collected with efficiency higher than 70%.

ANSWER:

Explanation:

Phosphoenol PYRUVATE (PEP) is the primary CO2 acceptor in (a) C3 -plants (B) C4 -plants (c) C2 -plants (d) C3 and C4 -plantsRead more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/190605/phosphoenol-pyruvate-pep-is-the-primary-co2-acceptor-in

Different species of algae may grow in different places. Where algae grow depends mainly on the types and concentration of accessory pigments possessed by different kinds of algae. Different accessory pigments need different quality and intensity of light. The change of light wavelength thus affects the distribution of the algae. Generally speaking, in darker areas or the deep ocean, phycoerythrin and phycocyanobilin can absorb blue light more effectively than chlorophyll a. Thus green algae, which contain mainly chlorophyll a and β-carotene, usually inhabit in shallow water regions. The zonation of algae is most obvious near the coastal areas. Green algae are usually found in the upper littoral zone. Brown algae are MOSTLY found in the middle littoral zone, whereas red algae are commonly seen in the lower littoral zone or in the deep ocean.

photo　　Substrate, topography, temperature, salinity, humidity, tides, waves, WIND, currents and pollutants can all affect the growth and distribution of the algae, just as light can. Some algae prefer the areas with strong waves; others prefer calm water or sea bays. Some can TOLERATE drier conditions, so they can grow in the supralittoral fringe; others can survive in the extraordinal environmental changes (dry or wet) in the littoral zone, in which occurs low tide twice daily. The algae growth varies depending on the substrate, such as lithoherm, coral reefs, stone blocks, shells and mud. Certain types of algae even accrete with other marine organisms. In general, algae tend to grow on lithoherm or coral reefs in the coastal regions, especially in tidal pools or reef grooves. Hence, these areas are the best places to collect algae. In Taiwan, it is easier to collect and to observe algae in northern and northeast Taiwan, Hengchun Peninsula and the ISLANDS like Lanyu, Green Island, Penghu Archipelago and Siao-Liou-ciou. The coastlines along western Taiwan are mostly sandy beaches. As their substrates can be easily eroded by waves, sand beaches are not suitable for algal growth. The east coastlines of Taiwan are mostly scarps, which cause lot of difficulties to collect algae.

photo　　Most algae present in Taiwan are annual. The marine macroalgal flora in the littoral zone has obvious seasonal changes. Algae usually flourish in winter and spring. In summer and autumn, the algae decrease significantly in richness and species. Particularly in summer, when strong sunlight and high temperature make it difficult for algae to survive, algae are often absent in the littoral zone. One can only find some algae in deeper waters.

Answer:

Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute SOLUTION into a concentrated solution. The solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both SIDES of the membrane.

Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration THROUGHOUT the medium.

ANSWER:

A FISH

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ANSWER:

KALVAKUNTLA CHANDRA SHEKAR ROA (KCR) IS THE CM OF TELANGANA....

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EXPLANATION:

pinarai vijyan.....................

Answer:

Characteristics of Vertebrates. ... Vertebrates are differentiated by having a vertebral column. As chordates, all vertebrates have a similar ANATOMY and morphology with the same qualifying characteristics: a notochord, a DORSAL HOLLOW nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/chordates/

baki apko is LINK s mil jaega

ANSWER:

PRAMOD sawant is the CM of GOA

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Explanation:

RESPIRATION is the PROCESS of exchange of gases through lungs.al will are the MAIN network for exchange of gases. my DRAWING is very BAD so I can't draw the diagram:-(:-(

ANSWER:

the PROTOPLASM of the NUCLEUS of a cell.

Explanation:

ANSWER:

Edappadi K Palaniswami......

Answer:

Explanation:

Chromoplasts are found in fruits, flowers, roots, and stressed and aging leaves, and are responsible for their distinctive colors. ... Chromoplasts SYNTHESIZE and store pigments such as orange carotene, yellow xanthophylls, and VARIOUS other red pigments. As such, their color varies DEPENDING on what pigment they contain.On the basis of presence of pigments, the plastids are of two types: (i) the chromoplasts (chromatophores) having pigment, and (ii) the leucoplasts which are colorless plastids. 1. CHLOROPLASTS: ... Chlor, green, plast, and living) which contains chlorophyll a and b pigments, and DNA and RNA. Chromoplasts contain carotenoid pigments and can be found in flowers, fruits, senescing leaves, and sometimes in roots; etioplasts are present in seedlings grown in the dark. Chromoplast. a pigmented intracellular ORGANELLE of plant cells; a type of plastid. Chromoplasts may be spherical, spindle-shaped, sickle-shaped, or irregularly polygonal. Their orange, yellow, or brownish coloring is caused principally by carotenoids.

leucoplasts. A plastid lacking photosynthetic pigments and involved in various biosynthetic functions. Supplement. Plastids are organelles involved in the synthesis and storage of food. They are found within the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Leucoplasts are colorless plastids. found in endosperm, tubers, roots and other non-photosynthetic tissues of plants. They serve various functions, for example, storage of starch, lipids, or proteins. Plastids of these three types are respectively known as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, and proteinoplasts. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds. Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts. Leaves are green, fall leaves or autumn leaves are orange or yellow, ripe tomato is red, where we have red, white, yellow and beautiful shades of roses.

ANSWER:

Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and FATS. In small intestine semi digested food mixes with bile juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice.

Action of bile juice:Bile is yellowish watery fluid produces in liver. The bile salts help in breaking the large fat globules, which is called 'emulsification of fats'.

Function of bile juice:It provides an alkaline medium for the intestinal and pancreatic enzymes to act on food. The emulsification of fats by bile provides a large surface area for enzyme activity.

Action of pancreatic juice:This juice is rich in digestive enzymes such as amylase, pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and trypsin.

'Amylase' acts on starch and complex sugars and converts them into maltose.

'Pancreatic lipase' acts on fats and converts them into fatty acids and glycerol.

'Chymotrypsin' acts on casein and converts it into paracasein.

'Carboxypeptidase' acts on peptides of food and converts them into smaller peptides and amino acids.

'Trypsin' acts on proteins and converts them into peptides.

Action of intestinal juice: Intestinal glands that SECRETE intestinal juice is ALSO called succus entericus. It also contains traces of maltase, sucrase, lactase and lipase enzymes.

1.Maltose is converted into Glucose by maltase.

2.Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by sucrase.

3.Lactose is converted into glucose and GALACTOSE by lactase.

4.Emulsified fats is converted intl fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.

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ANSWER:

SORRY sorry sorry sorry I didn't KNOW it's answer I am too SMALL

Explanation:

Oxidation is the reaction of a substance with oxygen. This is the process that causes RUST. When iron in rocks REACTS with oxygen, it forms iron oxide, which weakens the rock. Carbonation is the mixing of WATER with carbon dioxide to make carbonic ACID. This type of weathering is important in the formation of caves.

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PLEASEAnswer:

Genus: Spirogyra; LINK in C. G. NEES, 1820

Order: Zygnematales

Explanation:

In SPRING Spirogyra grows under water, but when there is enough sunlight and warmth they produce large amounts of OXYGEN, adhering as bubbles between the tangled filaments. ... Spirogyra has a cell wall, nucleus, PYRENOID and spiral chloroplasts.

Answer:

Exchange of gasses of desert plant by Transpiration..but the RATE of transpiration is low DUE to thick cuticule layer and SUNKEN stomata. ... PLANTS obtain gases they need through stomata present on leaves. They require carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for RESPIRATION.

Explanation:

the biodiversity NCR FOOD Supply dietary health and LIVELIHOOD options in India by the PROCESS epithelium

ANSWER:

Limitation for ELECTRIC impulse: - They cannot reach all the CELLS of the body. LIMITATIONS of electrical impulses The impulses can move only in ONE direction.

EXPLANATION:

A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a PERSON cannot be awakened

fails to respond NORMALLY to PAINFUL stimuli, LIGHT, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

Answer:

Explanation:

Tests to help DETERMINE if symptoms might be caused by vestibular neuritis include hearing tests, vestibular (balance) tests and a test to determine if a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve has been DAMAGED. ... The presence of nystagmus, which is uncontrollable rapid eye movement, is a sign of vestibular neuritis.

After the severe symptoms lessen, most patients make a slow, but full recovery over the next SEVERAL weeks (approximately three weeks). However, some patients can experience balance and dizziness problems that can LAST for several months.

An MRI of the brain can reveal the presence of tumors, stroke damage, and other soft-tissue abnormalities that might cause dizziness or vertigo. MRIs of STRUCTURES in and around the inner ear can be helpful in the diagnosis of some vestibular disorders.

If treated promptly, many inner ear infections cause no permanent damage. In some cases, however, permanent loss of hearing can result, ranging from barely detectable to total. Permanent damage to the vestibular system can also occur

ANSWER:

DEAR MATE...

EXPLANATION:

whttt?????

EXPLANATION:

you can USE the EXPERIMENT onion peel for purification process of PROTEIN

ANSWER:

plant TISSUE is of two types 1meristematic 2 permanent

Explanation:

in meristematic there are three types of tissue

1. apical
2. lateral
3. intercalary

apical is PRESENT in the top or tip of plant which HELPS in growth

EXPLANATION:

in thylakoid membranes not only electrons it ALSO contains PROTONS as like CALCIUM carbonate ETC

Answer:

CONSTRUCTION of DAMS is USED for STORAGE of water

ANSWER:

in the DUODENUM of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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CM of Punjab ❤️

:- Amarinder Singh

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UR answer.....

VIJAY RUPANI

Answer:

if mucus is ABSENT in the stomach it would be a problem because WALLS of the stomach secrete HCL gas which Is very harmful and it will destroy the walls of the stomach of there is no mucus in the stomach.

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Answer:

OCCURENCE of algae

Occurrence of Algae: Algae are commonly presumed to be occurring in water and MOIST PLACES but algae are found in a variety of HABITATS.

ANSWER:

The CM of MAHARASHTRA is DEVENDRA Fadnavis

ANSWER:

HELLO SAINI SAAB i KNOW you are my brithe

Explanation:

HINDI TOPIC of SCIENCE :-??

ANSWER:

The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is FORMED by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major DUODENAL papilla.

ANSWER:

BHUT cota jo KISI ko NAHI dikta

Answer:

Explanation:

In multicellular organisms such as man, the volume of the human BODY is big and hence, oxygen cannot diffuse into all the CELLS of the human body quickly. Diffusion, being a slow PROCESS will take a lot of time to CIRCULATE oxygen to all the body cells. Hence, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms LIKE humans.

ANSWER:

mango

sunflower

ORCHID because it is a FLOWER

Answer:

SOMEONE who has been there for a while ago and they said they WOULD be GREAT to hear temples

EXPLANATION:

HUMAN vestigiality

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