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Numerous disease-causing parasites must invade host cells to prosper. Collectively, such PATHOGENS are responsible for a staggering amount of human sickness and death throughout the world. Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are neglected diseases and therefore are linked to socio-economical and geographical factors, affecting well-over half the world’s population.

Such obligate intracellular parasites have co-evolved with humans to establish a complexity of specific molecular PARASITE-host cell interactions, forming the basis of the parasite’s cellular tropism. They make use of such interactions to invade host cells as a means to migrate through VARIOUS tissues, to evade the host immune system, and to undergo intracellular replication. These cellular migration and invasion events are absolutely essential for the completion of the lifecycles of these parasites and lead to their for disease pathogenesis.

This review is an overview of the molecular MECHANISMS of protozoan parasite invasion of host cells and discussion of therapeutic strategies, which could be developed by targeting these invasion pathways. Specifically, we FOCUS on four species of protozoan parasites Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality.

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Diseases caused by HORMONES are:-

HUNTINGTON Disease &

Myotonic Dystrophy

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Brain and spinal cord is NECESSARY for the proper functioning of HUMANS and animals.Brain is protected by the Cranium(skull)and it is surrounded with a fluidly SUBSTANCE which helps in the absorption of DAMAGE and spinal cord is protected by the VERTEBRAL column or the backbone....

SYMPTOMS of motor neurone disease (MND)

muscle ACHES, cramps, twitching.

clumsiness, stumbling.

weakness or changes in hands, arms, LEGS and voice.

slurred speech, swallowing or chewing difficulty.

fatigue.

muscle wasting, WEIGHT loss.

Becoz it is 71 % covered with water and when gazed up from SPACE the water is mostly visible so that's why I think it's NAMED as BLUE planet

Nerve ENDINGS: the discovery of the synapse. Santiago Ramon y Cahal(1852-1934) and Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) MET on only one occasion, when they jointly RECEIVED the Nobel PRIZE in Medicine in 1906, the FIRST histologists to do so.

One is AEROBIC, involving oxygen and the other is anaerobic or without the use of oxygen. ... One of the most striking differences though between FERMENTATION and aerobic respirationis the end product. Fermentation process YIELDS only 2 ATP while the other produces 38

Actinomorphic FLOWERS -

Flowers that are RADIALLY symmetrical so that they are able to be bisected into similar halves in more than one vertical plane, forming MIRROR images.This Romulea rosea (Iridaceae) FLOWER can be bisected into similar halves in three DIFFERENT vertical planes.

Zygomorphic Flowers -

Flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical so that they are able to be bisected into similar halves in only one plane, forming mirror images.This Gladiolus flower (Iridaceae) can be bisected into similar halves in only one vertical plane.

Insect Mouthparts

StructureFunctionlabrumA SINGLE plate that forms the 'upper lip.' It is USED to PROTECT the other mouthparts and bring food into the mouth.mandiblesA set of jaws that MOVE laterally, or side-to-side.maxillaeA second set of smaller, segmented jaws that are used to manipulate food.




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Several biomedical analyses are performed on particular types of cells present in body samples or using functionalized microparticles. Success in such analyses depends on the ability to separate or isolate the target cells or microparticles from the rest of the sample. In conventional PROCEDURES, multiple pieces of equipment, such as centrifuges, magnets, and macroscale filters, are used for such purposes, which are time-consuming, associated with human error, and REQUIRE several operational steps. In the past two decades, there has been a tendency to develop microfluidic techniques, so-called lab-on-a-chip, to miniaturize and automate these procedures. The PROCESSES used for the SEPARATION and isolation of the cells and microparticles are scaled down into a small microfluidic chip, requiring very small amounts of sample.


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So what do you WANT to KNOW

in gymnosperms endosperm is HAPLOID and CONTINUE the female gametophyte. endosperm is the main SOURCE of food for EMBRYO

Learning is the PROCESS of acquiring NEW, or modifying existing, knowledge, BEHAVIORS, SKILLS, values, or preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, ANIMALS, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in some plants.

Variations r maximised during sexual REPRODUCTION. We r NT alike r PARENTS in looking ...V have some same habits DUE to similarities in DNA

During ASEXUAL reproduction produce only clone and they are GENETICALLY and morphological similar to the parents. it not OCCUR VARIATIONS....,

1} Reflex actions are sudden, involuntary reactions of the body in response to stimuli. They OCCUR without the involvement of the conscious areas of the brain. Therefore, all reflex actions are unconscious actions. ... Reflex arc is the PATH of impulses in the reflex action.

2} Detection of stimuli is important for adaptation, or adjusting to changes in the environment. The human body is equipped with response MECHANISMS that allow us to adjust to changes within the environment in order for survival.

3} There are FIVE major hormones which are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each hormone differs in its effects. The auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins act as growth stimulators, whereas, abscisic acid and ethylene act as growth inhibitors.

Because asexual REPRODUCTION OCCUR UNICELLULAR organisms.. EXAMPLE... AMOEBA , paramecium, Euglena etc......

Genes LOCATED on different CHROMOSOMES will be INHERITED independently of each other. Mendelobserved that, when peas with more than one trait were crossed, the PROGENY did not always match the PARENTS. This is because differenttraits are inherited independently – this is the principle of independentassortment.

Yes variation are produced even in asexual reproduction but it is very SMALL in comparison with variation in sexual reproduction
Exp. BACTERIA reproduce with asexual MODE of reproduction but still variations occurs in them as some bater ia are very highly HEAT resistant while some are not

The ORGANISM which FEED on WASTE products are called decomposer.

There are THREE components of BLOOD.
RBC - Carries oxygen
WBC - FIGHTS against GERMS and viruses.
Platelets- Helps in STOPPING the flow of blood.
thank you.... Mark it brainliest

Some VARIATIONS will PRODUCE

Mendel's experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive? ANSWER: Mendel selected TRUE BREEDING tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) pea plants.When a tall pea PLANT is crossed with a SHORT (dwarf) pea plant, all the F1 hybrids are tal

ANSWER:

it will ALSO INCREASE 2 times

Explanation:

Remenats of dead animals that are BURIED under the earth during diasters like earthquake floods etc .They are CALLED FOSSIL.The examples of fossil is STONE,animals bone on rock,etc

Abstract

Homocysteine is produced physiologically in all cells, and is present in plasma of healthy individuals (plasma [HCy]: 3–10µM). While rare genetic mutations (CBS, MTHFR) cause SEVERE hyperhomocysteinemia ([HCy]: 100–200µM), mild-moderate hyperhomocysteinemia ([HCy]: 10–100µM) is common in older people, and is an independent RISK factor for stroke and cognitive impairment. As B-vitamin SUPPLEMENTATION (B6, B12 and folate) has well-validated homocysteine-lowering efficacy, this may be a readily-modifiable risk factor in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).




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The cells of the ADAPTIVE immune system are SPECIAL types of leukocytes, called LYMPHOCYTES. ... B cells are INVOLVED in the humoralimmune response, whereas T cells are involved in cell-mediated immune response. Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets.

Explanation:

Only 6 MOLE water USED in the reactant.

hence, answer will according to 6 mole water.

so ans is 21.6gm.

see solution for DETAILS

The displacement of a moving object is directly proportional to both velocity and time. Move faster. Go farther. Move longer (as in longer time). Go farther. Acceleration COMPOUNDS this simple situation since velocity is now also directly proportional to time. Try saying this in words and it sounds ridiculous. "Displacement is directly proportional to time and directly proportional to velocity, which is directly proportional to time." Time is a factor twice, making displacement proportional to the square of time. A car accelerating for two seconds would cover four times the distance of a car accelerating for only one second (22 = 4). A car accelerating for three seconds would cover nine times the distance (32 = 9).

Would that it were so simple. This example only works when initial velocity is zero. Displacement is proportional to the square of time when acceleration is constant and initial velocity is zero. A true general statement would have to take into ACCOUNT any initial velocity and how the velocity was changing. This results in a terribly messy proportionality statement. Displacement is directly proportional to time and proportional to the square of time when acceleration is constant. A function that is both linear and square is said to be quadratic, which allows us to compact the previous statement considerably. Displacement is a quadratic function of time when acceleration is constant

Proportionality statements are useful, but not as concise as equations. We still don't know what the constants of proportionality are for this problem. One way to figure them out is to use algebra.

Start with the definition of velocity.

v̅ = ΔsΔt

Expand Δs to s − s0 and condense Δt to t.

v̅ = s − s0t

Solve for position.

s = s0 + v̅t [a]

To continue, we need to resort to a little trick known as the mean speed THEOREM or the Merton rule. I prefer the latter since the rule can be applied to any quantity that changes at a UNIFORM rate — not just speed. The Merton rule was first published in 1335 at Merton College, Oxford by the English philosopher, mathematician, logician, and calculator WilliamHeytesbury. When the rate of change of a quantity is constant, the quantity changes at a uniform rate so that its AVERAGE value is halfway between its initial and final values.

v̅ = ½(v + v0) [4]

Substitute the first equation of motion [1] into this equation [4] and simplify with the intent of eliminating v.

v̅ = ½[(v0 + at) + v0]  v̅ = ½(2v0 + at)  v̅ = v0 + ½at [b]

Now substitute [b] into [a] to eliminate v̅ [vee bar].

s = s0 + (v0 + ½at)t

And finally, solve for s as a function of t.

s = s0 + v0t + ½at2 [2]

This is the second equation of motion. It's written like a polynomial — a constant term (s0), followed by a first order term (v0t ), followed by a second order term (½at2). Since the highest order is 2, it's more correct to call it a quadratic.

The ovaries PRODUCE the FEMALE egg CELLS, called the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian TUBE where fertilization by a sperm may occur. ... In addition, thefemale reproductive system producesfemale sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.


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We are MADE up of CELL and cell are made up of ATOM
Smallest UNIT is atom

Which PROTEIN.......
PLZ MENTION it.

I don't KNOW but it is GOOD QUESTION

About 20% of women have some bleeding during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Possible causes of first trimester bleeding include: implantation bleeding . Some WOMENS may experience some normal spotting within the first 6 or 12 days after you conceive as the fertilized egg implants itself in the lining of the UTERUS .

as I have INSTALLED in the addresses for blood type it requires both PARENTS to GARY at least one Ginos in a teaser Janet I can only do the B&B JR can do man and that one another that is they can both be presenting there someone and BOUGHT the greatest of blood .

Information same uniform appearance and COMPOSITION and THOUGHT many h********** mixture are complementary REFER to solution a heterogeneous mixture consists of the visibility DIFFERENT substance or face there state matter or gas liquid solid

If the backbone is made up of only one bone than it will not be much strong to stretch the back of the human.Human will not be ABLE to down and MOVE his/her neck too.You can't EVEN sit and walk.

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If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, then transfer of energy as will STOP. it will lead to OVERPOPULATION at one particular level causing amongst the disturb the food chain and can CAUSE the COLLAPSE of an ecosystem even

The SMALLEST MICROBE which is PATHOGENIC for both PLANT and ANIMALS....

The BRAIN is made up of around 100 billion NERVE cells - each one is connected to ANOTHER 10,000. This MEANS that, in total, we have around a thousand trillion connections in ourbrains. ... Our brains have a largercerebral cortex, or cerebrum than any other animal

When the frog is out of the water, mucus GLANDS in the skin keep the frogmoist, which helps ABSORB dissolved oxygen from the air. A frog MAY alsobreathe MUCH LIKE a human, by taking air in through their nostrils and down into their lungs

Permanent WILTING leads to plant death. ... Wilting occurs in PLANTS such as Balsam and tulasi/tulsi. Wilting is an effect of the plant growth inhibiting hormone, abscisic acid. With CUCURBITS, wilting can be CAUSED by the Squash vine borer.

The minimum number of pollen grains that must have been involved in the pollination of its pistil are 240 because each pollen grain contains two male gametes. Out of theses two gametes, one fuses with polar nuclei and forms endosperm, while, the other male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the ZYGOTE that eventually give rise to seeds. Therefore, in ORDER to OBTAIN 240 seeds, number of pollen grains needed WOULD be 240.