Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Right ANSWER is (d) Surgical methods

The best I can explain: Surgical methods are INVASIVE. They work by USING a surgical intervention to render one or both partners incompetent.

The correct answer is (a) True

To elaborate: Progestogen and progestogen-estrogen contraceptives work by preventing the RELEASE of egg or by inhibiting the entry of sperm into the fallopian tube or by preventing FERTILIZATION. Hence they should be ADMINISTERED within 72 HOURS of coitus. After 72 hours, the CHANCES of egg being fertilized are very high.

Right choice is (a) PROGESTERONE and Estrogen

For explanation: Implants and INJECTIONS have more prolonged EFFECTS than oral contraceptives. They work similarly to pills. These are composed of MIXTURES of progesterone and estrogen.

Right OPTION is (a) Progestogen

To elaborate: Progestogen and estrogen combinations are used as emergency contraceptives. They can be ADMINISTERED as PILLS, injections, or implants.

The correct option is (a) Condoms

To EXPLAIN: Condoms are aimed at preventing the mixing of vaginal and seminal fluids. They will not PREVENT pregnancy after INTERCOURSE. PILLS, implants, and injections can do the job.

The correct option is (a) Implants

For explanation I would say: Implants are placed under the skin. They release hormonal DOSES to inhibit PREGNANCY. Although effective, they have many side-effects ranging from irregular MENSTRUATION, weight gain, ABDOMINAL PAIN, headaches, depression and so on.

Correct option is (B) False

The best I can explain: RAPE is an unethical but a sexual act. It is COITUS, and if the female is in or near the ovulatory phase, rape can RESULT in fertilization of EGG and thus pregnancy.

The CORRECT answer is (d) Non-steroidal

Best explanation: Saheli is an oral contraceptive that has been widely POPULARIZED in INDIA. It is safe with very few SIDE effects. It is made up of non-steroidal compounds.

The correct choice is (b) Once a WEEK

To explain I would say: The ORAL contraceptive CALLED SAHELI is different from other hormone-releasing oral PILLS in the sense that it is non-steroidal. This gives it the advantage of having high dosage content, and thus lesser frequency of intake is needed. It can be taken once a week.

The correct OPTION is (d) Saheli

Explanation: Saheli is a brand name for oral pills in India. It has been widely ACCEPTED by females and has fewer side-effects. It is the WORLD’s first non-steroidal contraceptive pill. It has fewer side-effects and is highly EFFECTIVE.

Correct choice is (b) Inhibit heart DEVELOPMENT in the fetus

The best I can explain: Oral pills are hormonal doses and work by many different routes. These range from inhibiting OVULATION, implantation, and PREVENTING entry of SPERMS through the cervix.

The CORRECT answer is (b) False

The BEST I can explain: Oral pills are CONTRACEPTIVES. These are HORMONAL dosages. HENCE, they are supposed to be taken daily for 21 days.

Correct option is (c) Menstrual phase

The BEST explanation: Pills are oral contraceptives. They should be TAKEN daily for 21 days from the onset of menses. The first pill should be taken in the menstrual phase. This will PREVENT the release of egg in the next cycle.

Correct CHOICE is (c) When pregnancy has to be avoided

To EXPLAIN: The oral PILLS are weak contraceptives and should be taken daily by the female for a period of the first 21 DAYS of the menstrual cycle. This has to be continued across all cycles until which the female WANTS to prevent conception.

The correct OPTION is (b) Pills

To elaborate: Oral contraceptives are delivered in the form of tablets. Hence these are called oral pills. They come in the form of capsules since the drug has to PASS through the DIGESTIVE tract which has an extremely low PH. The capsule is designed so that the drug is released only in the small intestine, where it is absorbed into the blood.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Progesterone

Best explanation: Oral administration is hormonal shots of progesterone, estrogen, and their combinations. These are CONTRACEPTIVES for females. Progesterone is normally released by corpus luteum in the CASE of an unfertilized egg to prevent further development of the UTERINE wall and to stimulate contractions of the uterus to expel the egg. Progesterone shots do the same job and forces the fertilized egg out in the FORM of menses.

Right answer is (c) Oral methods

Explanation: Oral contraceptives are delivered VIA the oral CAVITY. These come in the FORM of tablets or pills. They pass through the digestive TRACT and hence come in capsules that protect it from the acidic environment of the stomach. They are released in the small INTESTINE where it is absorbed through the villi.

The correct choice is (a) By reducing the motility of the sperms

For explanation I would say: Copper releasing IUDs include Cu7, CuT, and Multiload 375. These work by DAMPENING the motility of the sperms. This reduces the ability of sperm to cross the barriers of the UTERUS before reaching the fallopian tube and THUS prevents FERTILIZATION and PREGNANCY.

The correct option is (C) LNG-20

The explanation is: The copper RELEASING IUDs INCLUDE Cu7, CUT, and Multiload 375. LNG-20 instead releases progestin, which is a HORMONE.

Right option is (b) False

Explanation: LNG-20 is an IUD. HOWEVER, not all IUDs released CU ions. LNG-20 BELONGS to the CLASS of IUDs that release hormones. LNG-20 causes the release of the hormone progestin in the uterine cavity.

Right OPTION is (d) Progestasert

Easy explanation: Proestasert is an IUD. It works by RELEASING the hormone progesterone. This prevents pregnancy and hence ACTS as a contraceptive MEASURE.

Right choice is (a) Lippes loop

To explain I WOULD say: Lippes loop is a non-medicated IUD. It is made of an INERT PLASTIC MATERIAL and can be used for longterm use.

Correct answer is (a) INTRA Uterine DEVICES

To explain I would say: IUDs STAND for Intra Uterine Devices. These are designed to be inserted through the vagina into the uterus.

Correct answer is (a) True

Best explanation: Intrauterine METHODS are designed to be inserted into uterus through vagina. These exist only for females. There is no similar counterpart for males because the act of fertilization OCCURS in the female GENITAL tract.

Right answer is (d) INTRAUTERINE methods

The EXPLANATION: Intrauterine devices are INSERTED into the uterus through the vagina. Expert doctors do this. It is a CONTRACEPTIVE measure.

Right answer is (d) Condoms

To elaborate: Cervical caps, vaults, and diaphragms cover the FEMALE cervix. These are made of rubber and INSERTED inside. These are reusable. Condoms, on the other hand, are DESIGNED for one-time use and hence DISPOSABLE.

The correct choice is (b) CERVIX

Best explanation: DIAPHRAGMS, vaults, and cervical caps are BARRIER methods for females. They COVER the cervix during coitus, THUS preventing fertilization and pregnancy.

Correct choice is (d) CUT

For explanation I would SAY: Cervical caps, vaults, and DIAPHRAGMS are FEMALE contraceptive devices MADE of rubber. These are barrier contraceptives. CuT is an Intra-Uterine Device made of copper.

Right choice is (C) SURGICAL insertion

Best explanation: Both males and FEMALES can use condoms. Being external barriers and non-invasive, they can be self-inserted and thus provide privacy to the user. Additionally, being made of RUBBER or LATEX, they can be disposed of easily.

Right choice is (B) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

For explanation I would say: AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It is a syndrome comprised of many diseases that target the immune system by RENDERING it DEFICIENT for any attack. Thus, the BODY of the PATIENT is prone to many opportunistic infections.

Right choice is (a) Nirodh

For EXPLANATION: Nirodh is a well-known BRAND name of condoms for males in INDIA. This was popularized across India by MANY organizations to encourage the USE of contraceptives.

Correct answer is (b) False

The best I can EXPLAIN: The PURPOSE of CONDOMS is to generate a physical BARRIER between the male and FEMALE fluids. This will prevent the sperm from meeting the egg. Thus, condoms have to be worn before coitus in order to prevent the ejaculated semen from coming in contact with the vaginal fluids.

The correct answer is (b) Cervix

To elaborate: The CONDOMS work for both males and females. These ACT as a PHYSICAL BARRIER between sperms and EGGS. In females, they cover the vagina and cervix, thus holding the ejaculated semen of the males.

Right OPTION is (a) PENIS

To explain: Condom is an external barrier. It PREVENTS the MIXING of seminal and vaginal fluids during intercourse. In MALES, it is a rubber sheath that covers the penis and thus holds semen at the end of coitus.

The correct choice is (a) Thin rubber or latex sheath

Best explanation: Condoms are examples of barrier methods. Both MALES and FEMALES USE them. These are made of think rubber or latex sheath that prevents contact of semen and vaginal FLUID.

Right option is (B) Barrier methods

To ELABORATE: The barrier methods create a barrier between the female and male fluids. This acts as a PHYSICAL barrier that PREVENTS fertilization.

Correct choice is (B) Condoms

The best I can EXPLAIN: CONDOM is an example of a barrier method. Periodic ABSTINENCE, coitus interruptus, and lactational amenorrhea are natural methods.

Correct OPTION is (B) False

Best explanation: Barrier methods are developed for use by both males and FEMALES. These create a physical barrier to PREVENT FERTILIZATION and thus avoid pregnancy.

The CORRECT answer is (b) less, HIGH

To explain: Natural methods do not INTERFERE with the normal FUNCTIONING of the human system in any way. They do not rely on external devices or medications. Hence, they have least or no side-effects. However, they come up with high chances of FAILURE.

The correct option is (d) Inability of female to menstruate

The explanation: Lactational AMENORRHEA is the inability of a female to menstruate after parturition. This is the time when the female lactates extensively to support the growth and nourishment of the baby. LACK of MENSTRUATION removes the burden of blood LOSS and weakness and also acts as a MEASURE to prevent another pregnancy before the baby is grown sufficiently to feed himself/herself.

The correct option is (b) LACTATIONAL amenorrhea

Easy explanation: The absence of menstruation OCCURS after the baby has been delivered, and the mother is lactating to NOURISH the baby. During this PERIOD, the mother cannot get pregnant. This lack of menstruation is CALLED lactational amenorrhea.

The correct option is (C) Coitus interruptus

The best explanation: Withdrawal of the penis from the VAGINA before EJACULATION is an example of a natural method of BIRTH control. It prevents sperm from entering the genital tract. Since this, in principle, prevents coitus, it is called “coitus interruptus.”

The correct option is (c) Coitus interruptus

Easy explanation: Withdrawal, also called coitus interruptus, is a method used to prevent the ejaculation of semen into the female GENITAL tract. This is one of the most EFFECTIVE natural methods as it PREVENTS semen, which is rich in SPERMS from entering the female genital tract and HENCE avoids pregnancy.

Correct option is (C) Withdrawal of the penis from the vagina before EJACULATION

Explanation: COITUS interruptus is basically a natural contraceptive method. Its purpose is to PREVENT PREGNANCY. It works by avoiding the insemination of the female genital tract. During coitus interruptus, the male partner withdraws the penis from the vagina before ejaculation.