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51.	In a graph of renal clearance versus plasma drug concentration, which kind of drug will give the below shown curve?(a) Drug excreted only by filtration(b) Drug filtered and actively reabsorbed(c) Drug filtered as well as actively secreted(d) Drug reabsorbed activelyI have been asked this question in an online interview.This intriguing question originated from Drugs Excretion in section Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct answer is (B) Drug filtered and actively reabsorbed The explanation: The drugs which are secreted or reabsorbed, the RATE increases with an increase in plasma concentration to a point where saturation occurs. Drugs which are actively reabsorbed, excretion is negligible at LOW plasma concentration. These agents are EXCRETED in URINE when their glomerular filtrate concentration exceeds the active reabsorption capacity e.g. glucose.

52.	Which of the following is not a characteristic of ideal prodrug?(a) Should rapidly transform, chemically and enzymatically forming the active product(b) Should have intrinsic pharmacological activity(c) The vapour pressure should be less and evaporate easily(d) Apart from an active product, other metabolic fragments should be nontoxicThe question was asked by my school principal while I was bunking the class.The question is from Prodrugs topic in division Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» RIGHT choice is (c) The VAPOUR PRESSURE should be less and EVAPORATE easily Explanation: If the vapour pressure of any drug is more if will get converted into gaseous form and thus through exhalation it will be expelled out of the body. The CHARACTERISTICS of an ideal prodrug are, it should rapidly transform, chemically and enzymatically forming the active product, should have intrinsic pharmacological activity, the vapour pressure should be more and evaporate easily, and apart from an active product other metabolic fragments should be non-toxic.

53.	Prodrugs with two active compounds are known as ___________(a) Mixed type prodrugs(b) Pro-prodrugs(c) Bioprecursors(d) Mutual prodrugThis question was posed to me during a job interview.My query is from Prodrugs in portion Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct choice is (d) Mutual prodrug The explanation is: Pro-drugs COMPRISING of 2 pharmacologically active agents coupled together to FORM a single product. It is made such that on acts as a carrier or other. Bioprecursors/ metabolic precursors are obtained after CHEMICAL modification of the active drug. The prodrugs are further derivative to a form where only enzymatic conversion to the prodrug has to be done before the later can be cleaved to GIVE the active product are pro-prodrugs.

54.	“Cascade lantentiation” concept takes into account which kind of prodrugs?(a) Mixed type prodrugs(b) Pro-prodrugs(c) Bioprecursors(d) Carrier linked prodrugsThe question was asked in an internship interview.Origin of the question is Prodrugs in division Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right ANSWER is (b) Pro-PRODRUGS To explain: In cases, when the drug has to be formulated in different other ways such as ophthalmic, parenteral, oral liquid, etc. The prodrugs are further derivative to a form where only enzymatic conversion to the prodrug has to be done before the later can be CLEAVED to GIVE the active product.

55.	What will be the renal clearance if the rate of urinary excretion is 625 ml/min and plasma drug concentration is 4.2 ng/ml?(a) 148.80ml^2/ng min(b) 150ml^2/ng min(c) 152ml^2/ng min(d) 140ml^2/ng minThe question was asked during an interview.Question is from Drugs Excretion topic in section Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct choice is (a) 148.80ml^2/ng min Easiest EXPLANATION: Renal clearance is defined as the volume of blood which is COMPLETELY cleared of the UNCHANGED DRUG by the kidney. It is expressed as the rate of URINARY excretion/plasma drug concentration. Thus the answer is 625/4.2 = 148.80 ml^2/ng min.

56.	What will be the fraction of unbound drug if the unbound drug concentration is 0.99 g/ml and total plasma concentration is 160 g/ml?(a) 0.006(b) 1.61(c) 0.618(d) 0.010The question was posed to me during an online interview.I need to ask this question from Drugs Excretion in section Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct option is (c) 0.618 Best explanation: The fraction of drug BOUND to PLASMA proteins can be calculated by the equation FU = Cu/C. Here fu is fraction of UNBOUND drug and Cu is the concentration of unbound drug in plasma and C is the total plasma concentration of the drug. Therefore 99/160=0.618.

57.	For a certain drug, the bile flow rate is 0.7 ml/mm, the biliary drug concentration is 2g/ml and the plasma drug concentration is 0.8g/ml. What will be the bile clearance?(a) 1.50 ml/mm(b) 1.75 ml/mm(c) 2.75 ml/mm(d) 3 ml/mmThis question was posed to me at a job interview.My question is taken from Drugs Excretion topic in division Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right option is (B) 1.75 ml/mm For explanation: The EQUATION for bile clearance is biliary excretion RATE/ plasma drug concentration. Since biliary excretion can ALSO be written as bile flow * biliary drug concentration. The other equation for bile clearance is bile flow * biliary drug concentration/ plasma drug concentration. Thus the answer is 0.720.8=1.75 ml/mm.

58.	In a graph of renal clearance versus plasma drug concentration, which kind of drug will give the below shown curve?(a) Drug excreted only by filtration(b) Drug filtered and actively reabsorbed(c) Drug filtered as well as actively secreted(d) Drug reabsorbed activelyI have been asked this question in an international level competition.The above asked question is from Drugs Excretion topic in chapter Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer»

59.	In a graph of rate of excretion versus plasma drug concentration, which kind of drug will give the below shown curve? (x axis- rate of excretion, y axis – plasma drug concentration)(a) Drug excreted only by filtration(b) Drug filtered and actively reabsorbed(c) Drug filtered as well as actively secreted(d) Drug reabsorbed activelyI got this question in quiz.This interesting question is from Drugs Excretion in portion Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct answer is (b) Drug filtered and actively reabsorbed Best explanation: The drugs which are secreted or reabsorbed, the rate increases with an increase in PLASMA concentration to a POINT where saturation occurs. Drugs which are actively reabsorbed, excretion is negligible at low plasma concentration. These agents are EXCRETED in urine when their GLOMERULAR filtrate concentration exceeds the active reabsorption capacity e.g. GLUCOSE.

60.	Which is the earliest discovered prodrug?(a) Prontosil(b) Sulphanilamide(c) Aspirin(d) Salicylic acidI had been asked this question during an online exam.This question is from Prodrugs topic in chapter Prodrugs & Excretion of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct option is (a) PRONTOSIL To elaborate: Prontosil is the prodrug for the antibacterial agent SULFANAMIDE in the BODY. It was the earliest prodrug discovered accidentally. Aspirin is the prodrug of salicylic acid USED to reduce GASTRIC irritation.