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Right option is (B) recessive

Easy explanation: A recessive factor cannot EXPRESS itself when a dominant factor is present. It can only express when the ORGANISM has two copies of it. THUS, it REQUIRES homozygous state to express itself.

The correct option is (a) Homozygosity

Explanation: Homozygosity refers to the STATE of genes that have both copies of genes or alleles as the same alleles. Heterozygous CONDITION has two different alleles.

The correct option is (a) Alleles

Explanation: Alleles are the copies of GENES that code for contrasting TRAITS. They are different forms of the same gene. For an ALLELE to express, it should have a fitness benefit over its COUNTERPART allele.

The correct choice is (a) True

Explanation: The CONVENTION used to write the genotype USES a single letter to represent an ALLELE. Capital letters symbolize dominant alleles. The CORRESPONDING SMALL letters are used to represent recessive alleles.

The correct choice is (a) GENES

For explanation: The factors that Mendel observed were forgotten for DECADES to come. LATER experiments, independent of these studies of Mendel, led to the discovery of genes as the source of transfer of INFORMATION that codes for TRAITS. Later it was found that Mendel’s factors were indeed genes.

The correct choice is (b) Factors

Easiest EXPLANATION: Mendel studied pea PLANT inheritance of traits. He observed a pattern in the way traits were PASSED from parents to offsprings. Based on these, he SUSPECTED the existence of “factors” that need to be transferred through gametes from parents to offsprings.

The CORRECT answer is (d) Heterozygous dwarf plants

For explanation: The F2 progeny has both dwarf and tall plants. 25% of them are homozygous tall, 50% are heterozygous tall, and 25% are homozygous dwarf. Dwarfness is a recessive trait and thus cannot be expressed in the heterozygous state.

The correct option is (c) F2

Easiest EXPLANATION: The FILIAL GENERATIONS are numbered in relation to the parental generations. The self-pollination of F1 progeny will produce a GENERATION that is two-step DISTANT from the parental generation. Hence it will be F2 generation.

Right answer is (b) False

Best EXPLANATION: Mendelian crosses do not exhibit blending of phenotypes. These are performed on true-breeding parents, and the locus ENCODING the traits does not show any CROSSOVER. The phenotypes of F are dominant and recessive.

Correct ANSWER is (d) 25% WHITE and 75% violet

To elaborate: Violet is DOMINANT over white. Self-crossing of violet FLOWERED plants will produce 25% recessive plants, which will have white-flowers.

Correct answer is (B) HETEROZYGOSITY

To explain: Heterozygosity refers to DIFFERENT ALLELES present at a given locus. This is the condition that is of interest to the study of genetics. It can be used to test the nature of an allele.

Right option is (a) They SEGREGATE

Easiest explanation: Based on his STUDIES on pea plants, he observed that the parental recessive TRAITS were observed again only in the F2 progeny without any form of blending in F1 generation. This points out that the factors segregate or separate during the PROCESS of meiosis.

The correct ANSWER is (a) monohybrid

To explain: Monohybrid refers to a hybrid that differs at only one gene. THUS, a PLANT that exhibits two ALLELES for one trait is a monohybrid.

Correct answer is (a) True

For explanation: Being homozygous, these PARENTS will produce all heterozygous individuals. Since yellow is dominant over green seed, the phenotype can be seen in the heterozygous state too. THUS, all progeny will be yellow SEEDED.

The correct ANSWER is (a) All violet; Tt

Best explanation: The VV and vv UPON crossing will produce all PROGENY with GENOTYPE Vv. This is the heterozygous STATE. Violet being dominant over white, all the progeny will have violet flowers.

The correct choice is (a) dominant

To explain I would say: A dominant FACTOR MASKS the expression of its recessive COUNTERPART. Thus, it can express in both homozygous and heterozygous STATES.

Right option is (c) Homozygous yellow and homozygous yellow

The BEST EXPLANATION: Yellow being recessive will express only when both alleles are present. That occurs only when both PARENTS can CONTRIBUTE an ALLELE encoding for the yellow pod. For all progeny to have yellow pods, both parents have to be homozygous for yellow pods.

Right option is (a) Violet

The explanation is: Violet is the DOMINANT factor over white in pea flowers. Hence violet can EXPRESS EVEN in the presence of white. The CROSS of violet true-breeding and white true-breeding pea plants will produce all heterozygous offsprings. Thus, all of them will have violet flowers.

Right answer is (a) Tall PLANTS

For EXPLANATION I would say: Tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. Being true-breeding PARENTS, the offsprings will all be heterozygous. Moreover, HENCE phenotypically, all of them will be tall.

The correct answer is (c) PARENT 1: ii; Parent 2: ii

The explanation is: INFLATED is the dominant phenotype. Hence it can be EXPRESSED in two genotypes: II and Ii. The F1 progeny can have it in all the mentioned CASES except when both parents are recessive ii.

Right answer is (a) Filial

Explanation: F1 progeny refers to the first GENERATION of offsprings. This is ALSO TERMED as the first Filial generation, thereby stating their filial relationship with the true-breeding plants.

The correct answer is (a) Self-pollination

To elaborate: Self-pollination LEADS to fertilization by the pollen from the same FLOWER. A CROSS desires pollination and fertilization by pollen from a different plant. HENCE self-pollination needs to be avoided.

Right answer is (a) Tall stem HEIGHT

The BEST explanation: Dominant CHARACTERS are the ones that are expressed even when a single ALLELE of the gene is present. Of the mentioned TRAITS, only tall stem height is a dominant character.

Right answer is (a) True-breeding

The explanation: True-breeding pea lines were used by MENDEL to STUDY the processes. These are plants that are homozygous, HENCE have two COPIES of the same alleles.

Correct answer is (a) Self-pollination

Explanation: A true-breeding line is the one that is homozygous for a given ALLELE. This can be achieved by REPEATED self-pollination over many generations. This exposes the traits encoded by recessive alleles, which WOULD OTHERWISE be suppressed by the presence of dominant alleles.

Correct option is (d) Pink and white flowers

The BEST EXPLANATION: Mendel’s studies involved study of seven pairs of contrasting traits. These included green and yellow pods, FULL and constricted pods, axial, and terminal flowers. The flower color pair studied was violet and white.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Frequent killing of the model organism

For explanation: MENDEL’s studies were one of its kind as he used the robust scientific METHOD, mathematical and statistical tools to study a large sample of pea plants. He also created a reliable and credible data SOURCE to look upon frequently for deriving conclusions. Additionally, his techniques were ethical EVEN in today’s standard and involved proper maintenance of the model organism in hand.

Correct OPTION is (a) GARDEN peas

The best I can explain: Mendel was a priest at a church. He grew garden peas BEHIND the church. He studied the PASSING of characters WITHIN these by the process of hybridization.

The correct answer is (a) Round SEEDS were more abundant than wrinkled seeds

For explanation I would say: Dominant allele can express even in the PRESENCE of a recessive allele. Hence dominant phenotype is more COMMON. Round seeds are dominant over wrinkled seeds; hence would be more abundant.

Right choice is (a) True

The BEST I can explain: Mendel used 7 different PAIRS of contrasting traits to devise the laws of inheritance. These also included the mentioned round and WRINKLED seeds. Round seeds are DOMINANT, WHEREAS wrinkled seeds are recessive.

The correct answer is (a) DWARF stem height

Easy explanation: Recessive traits are the ONES that require both alleles to be present to RESULT in the expression of the GENE product. Of the mentioned traits, only dwarf stem height is a recessive trait.

Correct option is (a) Hybridization

The EXPLANATION is: GREGOR Mendel carried out the hybridization of pea plants with specific characters and used manual counting to carry out ESTIMATES of factors over generations. This gave RISE to the laws of inheritance, as we know TODAY.

Correct option is (a) Gregor Mendel

Explanation: The laws of INHERITANCE in LIVING organisms were proposed by Gregor Mendel. He was the FIRST person to apply the scientific METHOD to understand patterns of inheritance. However, the IMPORTANCE of his work was not recognized until after his death.

Right choice is (d) Invention of fire

Explanation: All the 4 options refer to APPROACHES of early humans that have benefitted society. However, the DOMESTICATION of DOG and cow and the ARTIFICIAL selection of wheat as a CROP have used the principle of variation and selection of traits best suitable for a particular task.

The CORRECT option is (a) True

Explanation: Sexual reproduction INVOLVES TWO PARENTS and the exchange of genetic material. Thus producing higher variations. ASEXUAL reproduction is simply the replication of DNA and involves very low to almost no variation.

Right option is (d) VARIATION

For explanation I would say: Variation is the DIFFERENCE between individuals within a population. These ARISE between the progeny and parents/ancestors and form a backbone for natural SELECTION to ACT on.

Correct choice is (a) Inheritance

To explain: Inheritance or HEREDITY is the process of transfer of information from parents/ancestors to OFFSPRINGS. This GIVES rise to patterns that can be STUDIED USING the subject of genetics.

The correct OPTION is (C) Francis Crick

For explanation I would say: One of the central problems in molecular biology was UNRAVELING the structure of DNA. This was finally postulated by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953. For this, they shared a NOBEL Prize in 1962.

Correct option is (a) GENETICS

To explain I WOULD say: Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with questions of inheritance. It uses TECHNIQUES from VARIOUS disciplines LIKE Molecular biology, Cell biology, and many more to understand the basis of inheritance.