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Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty.

1. The Adil Shahis of Bijapur. 

2. The Nizam Shahis of Ahmad Nagar. 

3. The Imad Shahis of Berar.

4. The Barid Shahis of Bidar. 

5. The Qutub Shahis of Golkonda.

Polaj,Parauti,Chachar,Banjar.

Akbar was born at Amarkot in 1542 C.E. in the house of Ranasala.

Delhi, Fathepur Sikri, and Udaypur were the capitals of Akbar at different periods.

It is also called as the ‘Dark Age’.

Because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe during that period.

Feudalism was time tested and need-based system. Its merits are as follows:

1. It helped the growth of decentralized political administration. The King was not only advised by vassals but at times he was forced to accept their terms and conditions. This checked the growth of absolute monarchy. 

2. Feudalism helped to preserve monarchy and Monarchs sanctioned fiefs to the Vassals, who in turn took an oath of loyalty and cooperation to fight for him. 

3. In due course of time, feudalism helped the growth of ‘strong Monarchy’ as the feudal Lords became the courtiers of the Monarchs. 

4. No doubt the Kings and Vassals had personal interests, yet they were united against invasions. This led to national defense and the rise of Nationalism. 

5. The constant conflict helped the growth of military techniques in terms of better arms, training, and organization. It encouraged the concept of chivalry. The Nobles and Knights became more mindful towards the poor and needy. Chivalry also developed respect towards women.

6. Feudalism brought stability and order in the society. The collective defense and maintenance of law and order within the feudal estates ensured protection and justice to the people. 

7. Feudalism also developed a sense of duty and order. It was the King’s duty to protect the rights of the Vassals over their lands, and that of Vassals to protect their serfs. Likewise, the serfs had their duties towards Vassals and Vassals towards Kings.

Medieval European history, also called as the Middle Ages is marked from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire and Constantinople in 1453 C.E. This period had a span of about 1000 years. During this period, the accomplishments of the Greeks and Romans were neglected. Various German tribes invaded Western and Central Europe. The Middle Ages witnessed the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Islamic and Western civilization.

The Eastern Roman Empire centred in Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire for nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome. Constantinople was earlier called as Byzantium, which was founded in the 7^th century BCE by a Greek King called By zas. Due to the fall of the Roman Empire, there was political and social instability in Europe. The Church emerged as a powerful authority and brought the required stability and order.

The Middle age is divided into 3 phases as follows:

1. Early Middle Age: It began around 500 C.E. and ended around 1050 C.E. It is also called the ‘Dark age’, because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe.

2. High Middle Age: The period lasted from 1050 C.E to 1300 C.E. This period witnessed advancement in terms of agriculture, improvement in the standard of living and Education along with political stability. Towns and Universities emerged. The authority of the Popes increased.

3. Later Middle Age: The period between 1300 C.E. to 1453 C.E. is called the later Middle Age. This period witnessed further development of towns and cities and a decline in the power of feudalism and Church. A new entrepreneurial and intellectual class emerged. They challenged the State and the Church.

A conflict arose between Pope Gregory VIII and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. The King appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope. The Pope wanted to free the Church from King’s influence. He made alliances with many German Princes, who were against Henry IV. They together deposed the King who was forced to seek the Pope’s forgiveness.

For this, the King was made to wait for three days on barefoot and in plain clothes in front of the Citadel. The King obtained the Pardon and got back his powers. Later in a melodramatic episode. King Henry IV chased Pope Gregory VII out of Rome. In the 14^th century, the supremacy of the Popes declined because of the following reasons.

1. The contradictions within the Papal order and ecclesiastical arrangements. 

2. The immoral successors. 

3. The rise of National Monarchies.

During the 4^th Century, a conflict between Philip IV, the King of France and Boniface VIII, the Pope at Rome began. It was due to Philip IV imposing taxes on the Church. Boniface VIII opposed this and insisted that the King had to take Papal permission to tax the Church. The conflict went to such an extent that Boniface was beaten to death. After this, Clement V, a Frenchman became the Pope and he moved the. Papal Court to Avignon. It continued in Avignon for 67 years. 7 Popes of this period were all French and remained in Avignon. Gregory XI shifted the Court back to Rome.

During the Papacy of Urban VI, differences arose between him and the Cardinals, which gave rise to Papal Schism. The Cardinals elected Clement VII as Anti-Pope and he shifted the Papal Court back to Avignon. Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome. This resulted in the division of Papacy into two groups. To resolve this, the Cardinals elected another Anti-Pope, Alexander V and the other two Popes were asked to resign. They were excommunicated when they refused to do so. Thus the Papal Schism ended by 1414 CE. It led to the decline of power and prestige of the Popes.

Bairam Khan was the guardian of Akbar.

Constantinople was originally called as Byzantium.

It is a medieval comic verse tale popular in the 12^th and 13^th century France. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ in Italian verse, is a monumental narrative in effective rhyming.

It was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates centred around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. They were not slaves and owned lands also, but were under the control and jurisdiction of the Lords.

The manorial system was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates situated around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. The serfs were not slaves. They too owned a piece of land but were under the control and jurisdiction of a Lord. They worked in the Lord’s fields as well as their own and paid taxes to the Lord. They undertook activities like grazing, collection of firewood, fishing, and cultivation on a common basis. It was like a closed community living. During the later high middle ages, the condition of the serfs improved. They paid rent instead of giving duties or services to the Lord.

The developments in medieval society had their impact on the economy, education, literature, and intellectual revival.

Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the church from the King’s influence.

The important institutions of medieval ages were the Church, Society, and the state and feudalism.

St. Peter was the first Pope.

King Henry IV appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope.

The‘Divine language’ of Medieval Christianity was Latin.

In the European feudal system, the King or the Greater Lord granted land to someone. It was known as fief, and the person who received it was called as ‘Vassal’ of that King / Lord.

Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome.

The Papa Court was shifted from Rome to Avignon.

City-States like Pisaj Venice and Genoa became flourishing Trade Centres.

The Papal Schism ended in 1414.C.E.

Pope Gregory XI shifted the Papal Court back to Rome.