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Two features of a constructor: 

1. Its names is same as the name of the class. 

2. It is automatically executed at the time of object creation.

(i) boolean

(ii) double

Two advantages of a function in a program: 

(i) Debugging is easier. 

(ii) It is easier to understand the logic involved in the program.

Both returns an integer value. length property is used with an array to get the number of elements of array wheres length() method is used with String to get the length of the stored string.

int search (String sentnc, String wrd)

boolean check (char ch, int n)

char check (int x); char check (int x);

Output is BEST OF LUCK 

(i) This method returns the first occurance of a character or a sub-string in the string. It returns integer value. 

e.g. : int r = s1.indexOF(“DAY”); 

string s1 = “HAPPY BIRTHDAY”; 

System.out.println(r); Output : 11 

(ii) This method compare the invoking string with string object str exicographically & returns an integer value. 

e.g. : 

string s1 = “GOD”; if (s1.compare To (“OQ”)= = 0) 

System.out.println (“equal”); 

Output : <Nothing>

The result of the comparison is returned and is interpreted as shown here :

A static variable is associated with the class sis a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. 

Non-static, variables take different values with each object/instance.

char check(int x)

The value of x is : 

x=x++*2 + 3 * – -x 

//sifter putting the values using precedence order x=5 *2 + 3*5 x =10 + 15; 

//finally x=25.

(i) Boolean 

(ii) double

(i) Constructor has the same name as of class. 

(ii) Constructor gets invoked when an object is created.

Math.sqrt * (3 * x + Math.pow(x, 2)) / (a + b);

8 + (9 + 9 + 7) = 8 + 25 =33

(i) (0 – 5.0)

(ii) 12.0

Definition of Money: “Anything which is widely accepted in payments for goods or in discharge of other kinds of business obligations.” —Robertson 

Money is accepted as a common measure of value or unit of account. The goods in terms of which the prices of all other goods are expressed is called the measure of value or the Numeraire. In modern economies, it is money which acts as a Numeraire, i.e. prices of all goods are expressed in terms of money.

An overdraft facility is a facility in which a borrower is allowed to withdraw more amount than what he has deposited in his account. The excess amount so withdrawn has to be repaid to the bank in a short period with interest. The rate of interest is usually more than that in case of loans.

Capital: “Capital is produced means of production.” — Bawerk 

Capital is defined as “All those man-made wealth which are used in further production of goods.” Thus, capital is a man made resource of production. Machines, tools and equipments of all kinds, buildings, railways and all means of transport and communication, raw materials, etc. are included in capital. As such all capital is wealth but all wealth is not capital.

Three functions of Capital:

1. Provision for Appliances: Capital is used to provide tools and implements for use by the workers. It is clear that these things are essential for production, without their aid, large scale production is impossible. 

2. Provision for raw materials: A part of the capital is used for arrangement of raw materials for production. Every concern must have, on hand, a sufficient supply of raw materials. 

3. Increases Employment opportunities: Since capital expands production, it also expands employment. Thus, if we are to reduce the volume of unemployment in a country, we must pay attention to capital formation in the country.

Public sector unit is an enterprise which is owned, controlled and managed by the government. It may be Central Government, State Government or jointly by state and central government.

Problem faced by Public Sector Units PSUs in general face the shortage of skilled, experienced and competent workers because of relatively lower salary and perquisites etc. This has led to the inefficient management of these enterprises.

Bank Rate is the rate at which central bank rediscounts the first class bills of exchange of commercial banks. Simply speaking it is the rate of interest at which central bank lends money to the commercial banks. It is used as an instrument of the credit control policy of the central bank.

With the increase in bank rate, the market rates and other lending rates also go up and vice-versa. As a result, these changes affect the supply and demand of the money-in the market. When the market rates and lending rates are higher, the borrowing is discouraged and the credit becomes costly and there is contraction of credits. Similarly when bank rate decreases, the effect will be opposite. Thus, overall credit control can be manipulated by central bank by changing the bank rate.

Two Assumptions of Law of Demand:

1. The income of the consumer remains the same during the period under consideration. 

2. The prices of other closely related and similar goods remain unchanged during the period.

(a) Public sector undertakings are state/central Government owned enterprises. The term is used to refer to companies in which the Government (either the union govt, or state govt, or both) owned a majority (51% or more) of the company equity. These are companies which are funded by Government of India, e.g. GAIL, SAIL, ONGC, BHEL, HAL, BSNL, H.P., B.P. etc.

The three problems faced by public sector undertakings are as follows:

1. Poor planning: Public sector undertakings are often established in a hurry without clear cut objectives. There is always lack of proper evaluation of demand and supply. 

2. Ineffective financial control: Several public sector undertakings suffer from over capitalization due to insufficient planning. This is totally wastage of financial resources. Even investment worth thousands of crores of rupees in the public sector undertakings is not utilized fully. 

3. Inefficient Management: The management of the public sector undertakings are inefficient due to centralized decision-making, frequent transfer of top executives. Some persons are appointed with the approach of politicians. This results inefficient management. Moreover PSU faces the problem of sick units due to time and cost over runs. 

4. Wasteful expenditure: Wasteful expenditure is also one of the problems faced by public enterprises. The Government funds and property are used carelessly by the Government officials and other servants leading to an increase in the cost of production. 

5. Autonomy: Theoretically, public enterprises are provided, autonomy in their working. In practice, the Government, the ministers, the politicians and other Government agencies constantly interfere in their day-to-day activities.

(b)

1. It is necessary to bring more people under the formal fold of the banking sector so that people’s financial requirements can be fulfilled easily and quickly without any hindrances. Moreover people’s savings can easily be mobilised and act of investment can easily be made through banks for capital formation. 

2. People will save more and will invest their savings in the banks and will earn interest on their investments. 

3. Second stage (effective mobilization of savings) The capital formation cannot occur unless the savings of the people are actually utilized (i.e. invested) for producing capital goods. For that effective mobilization of saving has to be done (to the banks). 

4. Banks accepts deposits in two ways. 

They are as follows: 

1. Fixed deposits account: In such deposits, the deposited amount can be withdrawn only after the period of time agreed upon by the bank and the depositor. The interest rates are higher in case of such deposits. 

2. Recurring Account: In case of such deposits, an account holder has to deposit certain fixed amount every month for a specified period. The amount accumulated with interest (cumulative deposits) is paid to the depositor after the specified period.

5. Cash credit: In cash credit, the bank advances a ‘cash loan’ upto a specified limit to the customer against a bond or other security. A borrower is required to open a account and bank allows the borrower to withdraw upto the full amount of the loan. The interest is charged only on the amount actually utilized by the borrower and not on the loan sanctioned.

The two themes commonly used in advertisements are: 

1. Prestige: This theme is used to popularize luxurious items like motor cars, refrigerators and furniture! Their possession acts as a symbol of prestige to their holders. 

2. Comfort: This theme is used to advertise products like fans, air conditioners, refrigerators etc., as such products help to make life comfortable.

A Bank can refuse payment of a cheque in the following conditions: 

1. When the funds to the credit of the drawer are not sufficient to make payment of the cheque. 

2. When the cheque is post-dated and is presented for payment before the date it bears.

Differences between the Western and the Eastern Himalayas:

Western Himalayas 

1. The Western Himalayas lie to the west of 86°W longitude, between the Indus and the Kali rivers. 

2. It rises gradually in a series of ranges. 

3. The average rainfall is less than 100 cm. 

4. Vegetation is mainly alpine and coniferous.

Eastern Himalayas 

1. The Eastern Himalayas lie to the east of 88°E longitude, between Tista and Brahma putra rivers. 

2. It rises abruptly from the plains of Bihar and West Bengal. 

3. The average rainfall is more than 200 cm. 

4. Vegetation is mainly dense evergreen.

Change in technology in Indian agriculture started in 1960s with the introduction of high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers and mechanisation. These modern inputs require assured water supply to the crops. 

The four modern inputs are as follows :

1. High Yielding Variety of Seeds: HYV seeds are the product of modem technology. It has increased the yield per hectare tremendously. Now, HYV seeds are used in almost every crop. New HYV of seeds for wheat and rice were brought to India from Mexico and Philippines respectively. HYV seeds for jowar and maize were also introduced. The use of HYV seeds increased the production of crops phenomenally. In 1966 – 67, area under HYV of seeds was only 1.89 million hectares and increased to 71.3 million hectares in 1994 – 95. In 2001, 90.6 percent of total wheat cropped area is under HYVs.

Example of HYV seeds are : 

Wheat: Kalyansona, Sonalika. 

Rice: IR – 36, IR – 58.

2. Fertilizers: The use of fertilizers is an important factor of modern technological inputs in the agricultural field. The production and consumption of fertilizers has increased many fold after the independence. The consumption of fertilizers was only 760 thousand tones of nutrients in 1965-66. It rose to an all times high of 18,069 thousand tones nutrients in 1990-2000.

3. Modern Equipment’s of Agriculture: The modern equipments of agriculture have made the agriculture productive and easy.

4. Irrigation: The supply of water for irrigation through canals or tube wells has increased the production of crops and has also led to the increase in net cropped area

(a) Source of river Ganga is Gangotri glacier and the river enters the plains at Haridwar. 

(b) The distributaries are also subdivided into mini distributaries due to deposition of sediments over a large area near its mouth at the sea. This deposition over a large area results in a triangular shaped formation which is called Delta. 

Two Deltas in South Asia—(1) Ganga Brahamputra Delta, 

(2) Delta of Godawari. 

(c) Three reasons for the importance of the peninsular plateau : 

(i) The peninsular plateau has large deposits of metallic, non metallic and energy resources. 

(ii) North western part of it has fertile black soil. 

(iii) Rivers of western ghats are short and swift used for hydro-electricity.

(i) Archipelago—A group of islands is called Archipelago eg. Indonesia etc. 

(ii) Lagoon—A back water lake is called Lagoon. It is partly or completely separated from the open sea by a narrow strip of land. 

(iii) A land locked country—A country which do not have opening to the sea and is surrounded by land in all sides is called land locked country eg. Nepal and Bhutan.

Northern plains of India experiences continental types of climate. Its main characteristic is high range of temperature i.e. it is extremely hot in summer and extremely cold in winter.

Two important agents of erosion are : 

1. Wind and 

2. Running water. 

Erosion by wind can be controlled by planting shelter belts perpendicular to the wind direction. 

Erosion by running water can be controlled by planting trees, making dams across the river etc.

(i) Semul 

(ii) Teak 

(iii) Sandalwood

Tank irrigation is not used by all farmers because: 

• Only limited area can be irrigated. 

• Most tanks dry up in the dry season when water is most needed. 

• Tanks cover large areas of cultivable land. In many areas, other sources of irrigation have been adopted and the dry beds of the tanks have been reclaimed for agriculture.

Two characteristics of tropical rain forest: 

(i) Trees are dense and evergreen. 

(ii) They are found in mixed stands.

(i) A tank consists of water storage which has been developed by constructing a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream. The water impounded by the bund is used for irrigation. 

(ii) 1. Tube-Wells: It can irrigate about ten. times more areas than done by ordinary well and it is an independent source of irrigation. 

2. Tanks: The cost of construction of tanks is very low as tanks are natural.

(a) Tidal forests are the forests that grow in Delta regions of Ganga, Godawari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. These trees have stilt like roots which support the plants during high tide. These forests grow in salt water. Two typical trees found here are Sundri and Hintal. 

(b) Two main characteristics of the Deciduous Monsoon forests are : 

1. They shed their leaves before the summer season. 

2. They tend to occur in pure stands. 

(c) Tropical Evergreen forests are found in the western part of the Western Ghats. They are named so because they remain green throughout the year as they do not have any particular season to shed their leaves and also because they grow in the regions receiving rainfall of more than 250 cm. 

(d) Three methods for the conservation and development of forests are : 

1. Check indiscriminate deforestation. 

2. Banning of shifting cultivation. 

3. Prevention of overgrazing.

With reference to Red Soil: 

(i) Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. 

(ii) Two advantages of Red Soil: 

1. It has high iron oxide content and rich in potash. 

2. It becomes productive with fertilizers. 

(iii) Important crops grown are rice, millets, sugarcane.

Alluvial soil found ill the upper course is coarse in texture, light in colour and less fertile whereas Alluvial soil found in the lower course is fine textured, dark in colour and more fertile.

Two states in which well irrigation is widely used are Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. 

Advantage—They are the simplest and the cheapest source of irrigation

Mica has insulating properties which can withstand high voltage and has low power loss factor. This has made mica useful in the electrical and electronic industry.

Two main characteristics of laterite soil are : 

1. It is red in colour with high content of iron oxides. 

2. High content of acidity and inability to retain moisture.

Laterite Soil is formed by leaching in the regions of alternate wet and dry spells. 

Disadvantage—It is acidic is nature and cannot retain moisture.

(i) Annual range of temperature = 33.5 -13.7 = 19.8°C. 

(ii) Total rainfall = 67.4 cm. 

(iii) Driest month = November.

Disadvantages of tank irrigation are: 

1. Many tanks dry up during the dry season. 

2. Silting of tank is a problem and desilting of these tanks is often required.

(a) Two main characteristics of laterite soil are : 

1. It is red in colour with high content of iron oxides. 

2. High content of acidity and inability to retain moisture. 

(b) Gujarat and Maharashtra are the regions of black soil. Two crops grown on this soil are cotton and sugarcane. 

(c) Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments brought down by the rivers. This soil is agriculturally important because it is more fertile. It is rich in humus, lime and potash. 

(d) Two important agents of erosion are : 

1. Wind and 

2. Running water. 

Erosion by wind can be controlled by planting shelter belts perpendicular to the wind direction. 

Erosion by running water can be controlled by planting trees, making dams across the river etc.

We need to conserve water because : 

1. Monsoon rain is unevenly distributed. 

2. Because of over-exploitation the water table has lowered down. 

3. Scarcity of water is caused by pollution of water by domestic and industrial usage. Conservation of water is required.

(a) (i) Different types of iron ore found in India are: 

1. Anthracite 

2. Bituminous 

3. Lignite 

4. Peat 

(b) An important coal producing state is Jharkhand. 

Coalmine—Bokaro 

(c) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(d) Two uses of Limestone: Cement and Iron and Steel.

Three water harvesting systems practised in India are : 

1. Rainwater harvesting. 

2. Recharging of ground water. 

3. Recycle and Reuse of water.