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Organs that are similar in structure and perform different functions are called homologous organs. Such anatomical resemblances justify the inferences that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor.

Correct option is D) so much

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey re-created the experimental setup, in which the glass flask considered as the primitive atmosphere that contained methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor.

Instead of lightning or other energy sources, they passed high voltage electricity through the gaseous mixture. The condensed water from this gaseous mixture was considered as the primitive ocean.

a) Stanley Miller and Harold Urey. 

b) To prove the theory of chemical evolution (Oparin- Haldane hypotheses) scientifically.

c) Methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor. 

d) Amino acids

Correct option: a) Amino acids.

The theory of chemical evolution, The panspermia theory.

The correct answer is 2 Only.

• Tropical thorn forests are found in arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
• Tropical dry deciduous forest in the northern and eastern slopes of Aravalli ranges. Hence statement 2 is correct.

• Tropical Thorn Forests of Rajasthan:
  • Tropical thorn forests are found in arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan,
  • In places like Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer, Nagaur, Churu, Bikaner etc.
  • The main plant species found in this kind of forest are Acacia, etc.
• Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests:
  •  These forests are mostly found in the northern and eastern slopes of the Aravalli ranges,
  • In places like Alwar, Bharatpur, and Dholpur, etc.
  • The main plant species found in this kind of forest is Babul. 

1. Humidity is the amount of moisture or water vapour or water molecules present in the atmospheric gas. The more water in the vapour, the higher the humidity. Humidity arises from water evaporating from places like lakes and oceans. Warm water evaporates quickly. That’s why, you may find the most humid regions near to warm water bodies in places like the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and Miami.

2. Rainforest animals include mammals such as sloths, tapirs, jaguars, tigers, howler monkeys, spider monkeys and orangutans; reptiles such as caimans and the green anaconda; amphibians such as poison dart frogs and the red-eyed tree frog; and birds such as toucans, macaws and the harpy eagle.

(c) Bangladesh

In 2005 year was 'Rajiv Gandlii Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana' launched.

Natural selection theory was proposed by Darwin.

Homologous structures are those which have Same body structure but different function.

The correct answer is (b) 

• Cro magnon were carnivorous and not herbivorous, frugivorous and sanguivorous. 
• Like Neanderthals, the Cro-Magnons were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses and reindeer. 
• They hunted with spears and with javelins and atlatl. Bow and arrow had not yet been invented.

Correct option: b. Oparin – Halden

The constant use of antibiotics develops resistance in bacteria. It is an example for Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Due to struggle for existence variations will arise and transmitted to next generation. So bacteria become resistant to antibiotic.

Correct answer (b) unburnt carbon particles or hydrocarbons suspended in air

India one has the largest livestock population in the world.

The correct option: (b) 2 only

Pakistan neighbouring country has objections on Indian Baglihar Hydro-electric Project.

(d) Rice - Wheat - Coarse cereals Pulses 

(d) An index of stocks of large companies

(d) high interest rates

The correct option: (c) 3 and 4

India is self-sufficient in production of Milk.

The correct option:(d) 3 only

(a) increasing gap between international and domestic oil prices

Two factors responsible for weathering of rocks are: 

(a) Climate conditions- It includes the meteorological elements effect on rocks such as moisture, temperature, and wind and air pressure 

(b) Topography and vegetation- Topography directly effects weathering by exposing rocks to the temperature or sun and wind. The elevated areas will be affected more and low level areas will be affected less 

(c) Composition-There are certain elements which are included in rock composition. Some rocks will weather quickly and some slowly e.g. acidic rocks weather more quickly than basic ones. Surface covered by the vegetation are protected from weathering but bare surfaces are weathered to great extent.

The biotic components of biosphere are plants, animals and microorganisms.

(i) Respiration and Combustion
(ii) Photosynthesis

All organisms are made up of cells with protoplasm. There are similarities among the cell organelles and cellular activities. Enzymes control chemical reactions and energy is stored in ATP molecules in all organisms. Hereditary factors are gene , seen in DNA and the structure of DNA is alike in all. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the basic substances. There are similarities in growth, excretion, etc.

Organs that are similar in structure but perform different functions are called homologous organs.

(c) Compressor- Condenser- expansion valve – evaporator

Sequence of the connected components in a Vapour compression Refrigeration cycle is Compressor- Condenser- expansion valve – evaporator.

(a) Evaporative

Evaporative is not a type of compressor.

(c) Both (a) and (b)

The types of Copper tubing used in air conditioning and Refrigeration are Hard drawn copper tubing and Soft copper tubing.

In the given prose, the reason was not mentioned. Generally we can think that the land and orchard was good, beautiful and fruitful. A stream was running through the orchard. The trees had more fruits. The land was fertile and big. So Americans wanted to buy Don Anselmo’s land.

The boy didn’t want to miss Pandit Ravishankar’s concert because it’s the chance of a life time. It was rare opportunity’, such a great artist never give their concert frequently. No, I wouldn’t think the boy would get a chance in future because he was in his last stage of life.

The correct answer is Nigeria.

• Nigeria is the most populous and oil-rich country in Africa.
• The major oil producers in Africa include Nigeria, Angola, and Gabon.
• Nigeria:
  • ​It is an African country on the Gulf of Guinea.
  • It has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves.
  • Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforest, savanna, and rare primate habitats.
  • One of the most recognizable sites is Zuma Rock, a 725m-tall monolith outside the capital of Abuja that’s pictured on the national currency.

• Kenya:
  • It is a country in East Africa with a coastline on the Indian Ocean.
  • It encompasses savannah, Lakelands, the dramatic Great Rift Valley, and mountain highlands.
  • It is predominantly Muslim Swahili cities such as Mombasa, a historic center that has contributed much to the musical and culinary heritage of the country.
• Sudan:
  • It​ is a country in Northeast Africa.
  • It is bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, Eritrea to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast.
• Uganda:
  • It ​is a landlocked country in East Africa whose diverse landscape encompasses the snow-capped Rwenzori Mountains and immense Lake Victoria.

Changes in caste system in post-independent period can be discussed under two headings, viz., Functional Changes in Caste System and Changes in the Role of Caste System.

A. Functional Changes in the Caste System: The caste system has neither disintegrated nor did it disappear in present India despite many modifications. During the last six decades caste structures has considerably changed. Though, these two important features of hereditary membership and hierarchy have not changed at all. 

But we do find some changes in the following:

1. Occupational choice is relaxed 

2. Decline and Disappearance of the caste panchayaths 

3. Commensall restrictions are relaxed 

4. The religious basis of caste has ramped. Caste is no more believed to be divinely ordained.

5. Caste is no longer restricts newly valued individual freedom and the occupational career of an individual, though his social status continue to be dependent on his caste membership.

B. The Changes in the Role of Caste System: The major changes in the role of Caste system are the following:

1. Elections Based On Caste System: Caste in modem India is very important, and every political party is aware of its vote-catching power though the political leaders condemn .caste verbally. But in practice caste consideration are potent.

2. Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations: Caste consciousness and organization have increased in modern India. Caste-based Educational Institutions, Banks, Hostels, Cooperative Societies, Charities, Marriage halls and journals, which are the indicators of caste consciousness. The journals, published by the caste organization, are the units of the media of communicative integration.

The community aspect of caste has been made more comprehensive and permanent. According to G S. Ghurye “Thus a vicious circle has been created. The feeling of caste solidarity is now so strong that it is truly described as caste patriotism”.

3. Impact of Modern Means Of Transport and Communication: According to M.N Srinivas “The building of Roads all over India, and the introduction of Railway, Postal service, cheap paper, and printing, especially in regional languages, enabled castes to organize as they had never done before. A post card carried news of a caste meeting and the railways enabled members sheltered in far-flung villages to come together when necessary, with the availability of cheap news print facilitated, the founding of caste journals, whose aim was to promote the interests of their respective castes.

4. Impact of Modern Education: Education has been liberalized in post-independence era. No doubt, modem educated youths being inspired by the ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity, scientific outlook, secularism, etc. have changed their attitudes towards caste system. It did not necessarily mean that caste has disappeared. The educated leaders started caste journals and held conferences.

Funds were collected to organize the caste meetings and to help the poorer members. In general, it may be said that the last hundred years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence between different castes.

M.N. Srinivas introduces the concept of “Dominant Castes” which is of great help in understanding inter-caste relations and conflicts in Indian society. According to him “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”.

1. Nature of Dominant Castes:

a. Determinants of Dominance: A dominant caste should own a sizeable amount of the land and it should enjoy greater economic and political power. In addition to this, a number of educated persons being found in the caste and the nature of high occupation people pursue in the caste, add to the dominant caste. When a caste enjoys all the elements of dominance, i .e. numerical strength, economic and political power, high ritual status, it is said to be dominant in a decisive way.

b. Distribution of Dominance: Different elements of dominance are distributed differently among different castes in a village. For example, a caste, which is numerically high, may be poor and lacking in political power, while a ritually high status caste may be rich economically and lacking strength in numbers. It can also be said that when a caste enjoys one form of dominance, it is frequently able to acquire other form of dominance.

c. Dominance is not purely a local phenomenon: As M.N. Srinivas says, in Rural India dominance is purely a local matter. A caste group, which has only a family or two in a particular village, may enjoy decisive dominance in the wider region. Because the caste members of these families maintain a network of ties with the dominant relatives found in the wider region.

d. New factors affecting Dominance of Caste: According to M.N. Srinivas, western education, jobs in the administration and urban sources of income are also significant in contributing to the prestige and power of particular caste groups in the village.

e. Dominant Caste at the State Levels: Lingayats and Vokkaligas in Karnataka, Reddy s and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, Nairs and Ezhavas in Kerala, Gounder, Padayachi and Mudaliars in Tamil Nadu, Marathas, Brahmins and Mahars in Maharashtra, Rajputs, Jats, Takurs, Gujars, Baniyas, Bhoomihars etc., in the N ith Indian states form the dominant castes in those regions.

Correct option is B) shortage

Correct option is C) is

The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.

1. Legal Strategies: After Independence, several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. 

Some of the legislation are as follows:

1. Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 

2. Hindu Succession Act of 1956. 

3. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956. 

4. Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act of 1984 

5. Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

2. Social Strategies:

Social strategies are as follows:

• Establishment of Women Welfare Services. 
• Legal literacy of women through mass media. 
• Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women. 
• Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women. 
• Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

3. Economic Strategies: 

Economic strategies are as follows:

• Educational and vocational training for women which will enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent. 
• Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden, of heavy daily tasks. 
• Training for women in both formal and non-formal education. 
• Credit facilities to start small-scale industries/self employment.
• Programmes of placing women in CM important positions at various levels.

Radio: Radio broadcasting which commenced in India through amateur ‘HAM’ Broadcasting Clubs in Kolkata and Chennai in the 1920s, matured into a public broadcasting system in the 1940s during World War II when it became a major instrument of propaganda for Allied forces in South East Asia. At the time of independence, there were only 6 radio stations located in the major cities catering primarily to an urban audience.

A Radio Transmission center called Akashavani was started by Dr. M.V. Gopalaswamy, at Mysore University in 1935 through private effort. The station was later taken over by the State Government in January 1941 and it was shifted to Bangalore in November 1955. The first AIR station in the North Karnataka Region started functioning at Dharwad, on 8^th November 1950.

In 1964, Vividh Bharathi (CBS) was added to Dharwad unit. Auxiliary stations at Bhadravathi and Gulbarga were started in 1965 and 1966 respectively. Apart from All India Radio (AIR), there is Vividh Bharati, a channel for entertainment that was primarily broadcasting film songs on listener’s request.

Vividh Bharati, which soon began to carry sponsored programmes and advertisements, grew to become a money-spinning channel for AIR. Akasha Vani (Kannada version of AIR) headquarters is at Bangalore and there are regional centres at Mysore, Bhadravathi, Dharwad, and Gulbarga covering broadcasting news, entertainment, sponsored programmes, and commercial programmes, etc.

1. Industrialization: With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families. This struck at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization: The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture has come down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment, etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually joint family hold is losing its control and nuclear families in cities have become the norm.

3. Rapid Growth of Population: Rapid growth of population has brought corresponding increase of pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth face the problem of unemployment. People have begun to move to cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which has resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education: Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into various better paying jobs or professions. Modern education leads to occupational mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people, but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment leading to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women: Social reform movements and awareness among the women of their own position, all these have affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system. The spread of modern education has enlightened women. Education has made them conscious of their rights and status in the society. It has brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family.

They are no longer prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothiba Phule, Maharshi Karve, Pandit Ramabai and many others have worked and achieved considerable success to the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that the process of disintegration has set in the joint family system.

6. Social Legislations: Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the Rights of Women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937.

Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations. After independence the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956.

The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to adult males and females to many according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension, etc.

The Central Education Ministry organized a ‘Committee for National Integration’ in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sampurnanand. The Integration Committee gave some recommendations to promote and strengthen national integration. 

Some of them are stated below:

1. Re-organization of the syllabi at various levels – primary, secondary, college and university levels- to promote national integration.

2. Giving due encouragement to extra-curricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.

3. Improvement of textbooks helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich cultural heritage and feel proud of their nation.

4. Conducting community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders, etc., to help to bring the people together.

Apart from the governmental efforts to achieve the goal of national unity, various stakeholders such as educational institutions, religious/cultural associations and mass media should involve in chalking out action-based programmes to enhance awareness/dissemination of traditional values among the masses and increase cultural exchange banking on the richness of our cultural heritage and diversity.

Special steps should be taken by various interest groups to speed up development of economically and socially backward groups who are the easy victims of violent activities.

1. Loan waivers and relief: In 2008, the Government of Karnataka waived the principal amount of outstanding loan to all farmers up to Rs 25,000 and waived the interest to those who have borrowed. above Rs 25,000, if they pay the principal amount before 31 March 2008.

2. Exorbitant Interest Rate Act-2004: The Government of Karnataka has enacted the Karnataka Prohibition of Levying of Exorbitant Rates of Interest Act, 2004, to check levying exorbitant rates of interest by private money lenders.

It has provisions for taking stringent action against those money lenders who violate the Money Lenders Act and levy exorbitant interest. Any such violation would attract imprisonment up to three years and a fine of Rs 30,000 or both.

G.K. Veeresh Committee came out with a series of recommendations such as:

• The creation of, farmer’s welfare fund, 
• Establishment of nodal department for the welfare of farmers, 
• Social security measures and so on.

Following this, the Government of Karnataka had taken a series of steps in the distress, in consultation with the members of the Committee. 

These are listed below:

a. Health Insurance Scheme for the farmers, namely Yeshaswini was put in place and the farmers had direct access to the best medical facilities available in the State-run hospitals. This has significantly reduced the expenditure of farmers on health.

This has been introduced throughout the rural region of Karnataka in 2000 for a premium payment of Rs 120 per year per family. Participants are covered for all surgical interventions and for outpatient services at any of the designated network hospitals.

b. The interest rates on loans from Co-operative banks were reduced to 6% per annum. Reduction of the interest rate reduced to 4% per annum in the 2007- 0.8. These loans significantly helped the farmers.

c. Review of compensation policy to the family of the victims (who have committed suicide) was thoroughly reviewed and compensation was allowed only in the case where suicide was directly related to the farming activities.

d. Information facility to Rayat Samparka Kendras were provided internet access and telephone facilities, so that the initial signals of distress were transmitted directly to the state headquarters. Similarly, in the extension wing of the Department of Agriculture Telephone links were established to reach the concerned official with ease.

e. Crop insurance was taken up to Hobli level and compensation provided to the farmers based on the Hobli level data.

f. Scheme on seed subsidy was announced and farmers were provided seeds with a subsidy of up to 50%.

g. Waters led development programme: The investment on watershed development programmes was increased tenfold and that created increased employment opportunities in the rain-fed areas.

h. The Market Intervention Scheme: This scheme was reviewed and the corpus fund for the scheme was increased to rupees three billion. Similarly, the market intervention scheme was made operational at the regulated market yard.

i. Priority to agricultural Research: Agricultural Universities were directed to focus on research and development responding to the demand, rather than providing the ‘supply driven’ research priorities.

The Government, of Karnataka, had taken a series of steps in order to mitigate the distress of the farmers in consultation with the members of the committee. 

They are:

1. Health Insurance Scheme: For the farmers, Yashaswini Health Scheme was introduced by paying Rs. 120 per year per family, to get the best medical facilities available in the state-run hospitals covered for all surgical interventions and outpatient services at any of the designated network of hospitals. 

2. Reduced interest rate: The Government reduced the interest on loans taken from Cooperative banks, from 6% to 4% which helped the farmers a lot.

3. Compensation: To the family of the victims who have committed suicide was thoroughly reviewed and compensation was allowed only in the cases where suicide was directly related to farming activities. 

4. Raita Sampaka kendras: were provided with internet access and telephone facilities so that the initial signals of distress were transmitted directly to the State headquarters. 

5. Crop insurance: Was taken up to Hobli level and compensation provided to the farmers based on the Hobli level data. In case of crop failures, compensation will be given according to the estimate. Seed and medicine subsidy up to 50% have also allowed to farmers been The investment on Watershed Development programmes was increased tenfold and that has created increased employment opportunities in the rainfed areas. Narega programmes have been also introduced. These are the steps taken by Government to mitigate farmer’s suicides.

1. Industrialization: With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families. his strike at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization: The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture has come down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment, etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually joint family hold is losing its control and nuclear families in cities have become the norm.

3. Rapid Growth of Population: Rapid growth of population has brought corresponding increase of pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth face the problem of unemployment. People have begun to move to cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which has resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education: Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into various better paying jobs or professions. Modern education leads to occupational mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values, and ideologies of the people but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment leading to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women: Social reform movements and awareness among the women of their own position, all these have affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system. The spread of modern education has enlightened women. Education has made them conscious of their rights and status in society. It has brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family.

They are no longer prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothiba Phule, Maharshi Karve, Pandit Ramabai and many others have worked and achieved considerable success to the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that, the process of disintegration has set in the joint family system.

6. Social Legislations: Legislation enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the Rights of Women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations. After independence, the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956.

The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to adult males and females to many according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these. legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension etc.

Other Backward castes/classes have been suffering from a number of problems since a long time. 

The problems, which are common to all OBCs are as follows:

1. Other Backward Castes (Classes) constitute an Indefinite, Abstract and Unorganized Category: First Backward Class Commission known as Kalalker Commission was appointed to prepare a list of communities. Kalalker’s report had listed 2399 castes as backward castes which the then Government had rejected. The Mandal Commission (Second Backward Class Commission) listed 3743 castes and communities as Backward classes. Most of the OBC communities are strangers to one another.

They do not have common awareness regarding their own problems. Conflicts do arise among themselves regarding the issue of ‘Backwardness’. No single All-India level organization has been established. These groups are scattered all over India and exhibit a lot of diversities and it is difficult to unite them.

2. Economic Backwardness: Most of the OBCs are also economically backward like SCs and STs. A large number of poor, unemployed, under-employed are found in this category. Only a few people are self employed, but majority of them are working for very low wages. Sizable numbers are economically exploited.

3. Educational and Social Backwardness: Illiterates are found in a large number m this category. Higher education among OBCs is at a very low level. Even though OBCs are not directly the victims of untouchability, but lot of social distance prevails between these and the so called forward castes.

4. Politically unorganized: OBCs are comparatively unorganized Because OBCs do not comprise a single caste. Most of these castes are spread across the nation. No single backward caste is numerically dominant in any one province. Hence they are not able to work as powerful ‘Pressure Groups’ at all India level.

1. ‘He’ refers to Anant.

2. ‘Pandit Ravishankar’s Concert was the chance of a lifetime for him.

3. He was feeling so because he was suffering from Cancer and his end is not so far.