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The disease which coming from are generation to another is known as congental disease. Hemophyllia, sikkle cell animia etc. desease are congential disease

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b)

Genetic engineering:-

It is a technique for artifically and deliberately modifying DNA (genes) to suit human needs. It is also called recombinant DNA technology or DNA splicing. It is a kind of Biotechnology. It is that branch of science which deals with study of heredity (inheritance of character) and variations. It deals withinborn characteristics of the organisms. Genetics also deals with inbron diffrencess between fairly similar related organisms. Genes are carriers of character and present on chromosolmes. Mendal is considered as father of genetics.

In genertic engineering various technique used. there are

(i) Pedigrce analysis

(ii) Population genetics

(iii) study of twins

(iv) Karyo type

(v) cells culture

All are known as genetic engineering.

Answer (a) Allergens

The two causes for extinction of sone wild lives are given below:-

(i) Destruction of habitat and fragmentation

(ii) Forlest fire, and hunting by man.

Answer (b) IgE

Three is the maximum number of ocelli that may be found in an adult insect.

Answer (c) Both (a) & (b)

The study of form and structure of insects is called Insect morphology.

Radial is cross vein.

Corpus luteum:-

Corpus lutemn is a temporary structure formed after the ovulation of ovum from graffican follicle. It contains a yellow pigment called lutein.

There is a union carbide gas plant is Bhopal where about 2000 people died due to taking gas. This gas was methyl isosynate. Many people also fell seriously ill due to this gas. Many people lost their eye vision. Due to this accident, this was called Bhopal gas tragedy.

c. Empodium.

AIDS:-

(i) Due to this the weight of the body decreases gradually. 

(ii) The body is always maintaining fever.

In Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment which is fused with metathorax is called Propodium.

Transcription:-

The process of the formation of RNA from DNA in the process of protein synthesis is known as transcription.

Translation:-

It is the process in which the genetic message carried by mRNA from the DNA is converted in the form of a polypetide chain having a specific sequence of amino acids. The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond.

Hypopharynx structure lies between the buccal cavity and the salivarium.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology:-

In modern biotechnology, the alteration of genetia make up of plant and animal cells is done by deliberate and artificial means. This can be done by cutting DNA molecules at specific cites to get fragments containing desirable and useful gene from one type of cell. So, these genes can be joined with a suitable carrier or vector. Such genetically modifed DNA fragments are known as recombinant DNA molecules. This is called recombinant DNA technology.

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology:-

A. Enzymes:- Lysing Enzymes, cleasing Enzymes DNA Ligases (Joining or sealing Enzymes, Alkali Phosphate (AP), synthesizing Enzymes (Revese transcriptase, DNA polymerase)

B. Cloning Vectors (Vehicle DNA or carrier of DNA):- Plasmid vector, Bacteriophage Vectors (Lambda phase vector, M13 phase vector)

C. Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA):- 

(i) DNA Mediated Gene Transfer (Vector Mediated Gene Transfer)

(ii) Direct or Vectorless Gene Transfer

Process of Recombinant DNA Technology:-

(i) Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)

(ii) Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations

(iii) Amplification of Gene of Interest Using PCR

(iv) Preparation and Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host cell/organism

(v) Obtaining the Foreign Gene product

(vi) Downstream Processing

Application of Recombinant DNA Technology or Genetic Engineering:-

(i) Molecular Analysis of Disease

(ii) Production of Proteins in Abundance

(iii) Laboratory Diagnostic Application

(iv) Gene Therapy

(v) Prental Diagonosis of Diseases

(vi) Application to Forensic Medicine

(vii) Agricultural Application

(viii) Industrial Application

(ix) Application to Animals

(x) Evolution

d. Metathorax

Air Pollution:-

Air pollution is the addition of particles, gases and chemicals into the atmosphere that have the potential to adversely affect human health, health of animals, vegetation, natural resources and human assets.

Cause of Air Pollution:-

(i) Combustion of natural gas, petroleum, coal and wood is industries, automobiles, aircraft, railways, thermal plants, agricultural brning, kitchens, etc.

(Soot, flyash, CO₂,CO, Nitrogen Oxide, SO₂)

(ii) Metallurgical Processing

(iii) Chemical industries including pesticides, fertilizers, weedicides, fungicides.

(iv) Cosmetics

(v) Processing industries like cotton textile, wheat flour mills, asbestos

(vi) Welding, stone crushing, gem grinding, etc.

Primary Air Pollutants and their Effects:-

Primary Air Pollutants:-

Particular matter, CO, CO₂, H₂S, Hydrocarbons, SO₂, Nitrogen oxide etc.

(i) Particular matter:- It consists of soot, flyash, dust of various types, fur, hair, spores, pollen grains etc. They pass deep into the lungs causing breathing and respiratory problems, irritation, inflammation and damage to lungs resulting is pre-mature death.

(ii) CO:- It is produced due to incomplete combustion, metallurgical operation and naturally by plants as well as animals. 50% emission are from automobiles. CO combines with haemoglobin, produces carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). It impairs oxygen transport resulting in giddiness, headache, decreased vision, cardiovascular malfunction and asphyxia.

(iii) CO₂:- In excess it causes headache and nausea.

(iv) H₂S:- It causes mottled chlorosis and defoliation in plants, decolourises paints, produces eye irritation, throat irritation and nausea.

(v) Hydrocarbon(HCs) or Volatile Organic Carbons (VoCs):- Hydrocarbons, especially polynuclear aromatic (PAH) and formaldehyde are carcinogenic, cause irritation of eyes and mucous membrane and bronchial constriction. There is increased mucus secretion and tearing of alveoli.

(vi) SO₂:- 

(a) It causes chlorosis and necrosis of vegetation.

(b) SO₂, above 1 ppm affects human beings. If causes irritation to eyes and injury to respiratory tract (asthama, bronchitis, emphysema).

(c) It results in discolouration and deterioration, sculptures, painted surfaces, fabrics, paper, leather etc. The reported threat to Taj Mahal of Agra from nearby refinary of Mathura is on account of it.

(vii) Nitrogen oxide:- (N₂O, NO, NO₂, N₂O₄, N₂O₅)

(a) They have a corrosive effect on metals

(b) They cause fading and deterioration of different types of textiles

(c) They produce lesions, necrosis, defoliation, die back and death of many plants

(d) they cause eye irritation, respiratory troubles, lung edema, blood congestion and ditetion of arteries

(viii) Fluorides:- In animals, fluorides bring about abnormal calcification of bones and teeth (making them weak), frequent diarrhoea and swelling of knee bones. In human there is motting of teeth, weak bones, boat-shaped posture, knocking knees, gastrointestinal and neuromuscular disorders.

d. Amino Acid.

Tissue Culture:-

Plant tissue culture is the technique of maintaining and growing plant cells, tissues or organs especially on artificial medium in suitable containers under controlled environmental condition. The part which is cultured is called explant i.e, any part of a plant taken cut out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media. This capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called celluar totipotency. In fact, the whole plant can be regenerated from any plant part (referred to as explant) or cells.

Harmons used in  plant tissue culture:-

(i) Auxins

(ii) Cytokinins

(iii) Gibberellins

(iv) Abscisic Acid (ABA)

(v) Polyamines

Environmental condition:-

(i) Nutrient Medium 

(ii) Aseptic conditions (Sterilization) 

(iii) Aeration of the Tissue

Methods of plant Tissue culture:-

Plant tissue culture includes two major methods

(a) Type of an vitro growth-cellus and suspension cultures

(b) Type of explant:- Single cell culture, shoot and root cultures, somatic embryo culture meristem culture, anther culture and haploid production, protoplast cultre and somatic hybridisation, embryo culture, ovule culture, ovary culture, etc.

Crossing over:-

The process of crossing over occurs by a mechanism called breakage and recunion theory of Darlington (1937). It comprises four steps-

(i) Synapsis:- The homologus chromosomes come to lie close together in pairs in the zygotene substage of the prophase of meiosis-I. Their pairing is called synapsis.

(ii) Tetrad formation:- The chromatids of each synapsed chromosome slightly separated and become visible in the pachytene substage of the prophase of meiosis. A group of four homologous chromatids is called a tetrad.

(iii) Crossing over:- Crossing over also occurs in the pachytene substage. The adjacent non sister chromatids break at homologus sites, mutually exchange small corresponding segments and rejoin.

(iv) Disjunction:- After the completion on crossing over the synaptic forces end and the homologus chromosomes move apart.

Protandry:-

When anther in flower matured initially. Then this stage is called protandry. And protandours of flowers. This stage exit in composite family. Malvacae and Ambeliferae. In this stage when anther to be matured and dehisee then pollen grain pollinated of stigma to other flowers.

Sclerenchyma → cells are the permanent tissues present in the plants. They provide hardness and stiffness to the plant and are composed of dead cells. This tissue is present in stems around vascular bundles in the veins of leaves and in hard covering of seeds and nuts. e.g., the husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissues. The cells of sclerenchyma are long narrow and thickened due to lignin.

The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower. The gynoecium may consist of a single pistil (monocarpellery) or may have more than one pistil (multicarpellary).

In most plants by the time the fruit develops from the ovary, other floral plants degenerate and fell off. However, in a faw species such as apple, strawberry, cashew etc. The thalmus also contributes to fruit formation such fruits are called false fruits.

M.T.P. or abortion is the termination of pregnancy before. The foetus becomes viable. MTP is comparatively safe upto 12 weeks (First trimester) of pregnancy. It become more risky after the first trimester period of pregnancy as the foetus becomes intimately associated with maternal tissues.

If the female parent bears bisexual flowers removal of anther from the flower bud before the anther dehisces using a pair of forceps is necessary. This step is referred to as emasculation. Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a beg of suitable size, generally made up of butter paper, to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen this process is called bagging.

AUG as a initiation codon and it has dual function. It code for Methionine (met.)

Bioprospecting:-

Bioprospecting is the term of used to refar to that compound received from species in which to use had not in traditional medical method

Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human beings. These pathogens generally enter the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through blood. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite are some of the common symptoms of this disease.

Correct option is C) several species of which

• A- Metaphase 
• B – Anaphase

The rate of decomposition is regulated by climatic factors like temperature  and soil  moisture as they have an effect on the activities of soil microbes. The tropics with its hot and humid climatic condition provides an environment which is ideal for the microbes to speed up the process of decomposition

The rate of decomposition is regulated by climatic factors like temperature and soil moisture as they have an effect on the activities of soil microbes.The tropics with its hot and humid climatic condition provides an environment which is ideal for the microbes to speed up the process of decomposition.

Highly extracted chemical have clearance between 0.7-1

• Mitochondria – Storage of energy 
• Endoplasmic reticulum – Cytoskeleton 
• Ribosome – Protein synthesis 
• Chloroplast – Photosynthesis

No. Synthesis of DNA, RNA & Protein occurs hence it is active stage.

Kairomone have utility for Receiver.

1. RER – Rough endoplasmic reticulum Contains ribosomes – protein synthesis

2. SER – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Devoid of ribosome – lipid synthesis & storage

The order of reaction is 2.