Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Some of the common disasters are earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crashes and forest fires.

My locality has witnessed two major disasters. Bothe of them are man-made. One is water pollution. The local farmers, in their eagerness to get bumper harvests, used a lot of chemical fertilizers and later insecticides on a large scale. Total result is that the water in the area is polluted. The fish in the stream and ponds nearby have died.

Another disaster is the mindless cutting down of trees and building concrete jungles everywhere. With high- rise buildings around you, you feel choked. There is no place for the children to run about and play. Every available piece of land is used for various types of construction. In the summer season the place becomes very hot. All the birds that nestled on the trees around have left the place, which looks barren.

There are many reasons for the flooding. We can divide them into two categories. In the first group we have natural causes like high rainfall, snowmelt, relief (in low-lying areas rivers flow very slowly and so the water volume increases suddenly) and coastal flooding because of high tides. In the second group we have human causes which include deforestation, poor farming (over-grazing, over-cultivation, etc. which makes the top soil washed away), poor water management and population pressure. All these factors can be found in India, China and Bangladesh.

Some of the major natural disasters faced by India during this century are: The Gujarat earthquake (2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the tsunami (2004), the Uttarakhand flash-floods and the hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (2013).

The purpose of disaster management is to reduce the destructive impact of disasters. It is not possible to prevent or avert many of these disasters but with proper disaster management, we can definitely reduce the deaths and damages caused by them.

Disaster is something that often happens to people. People have experienced disasters in different forms from the beginning of time. The latest World Disaster Report shows that disasters have increased in number and intensity.

People are becoming more and more exposed to disasters of all kinds. They include earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crashes, forest fires, etc. This is quite true in the case of both developed and developing countries. The floods in the UK and France, and the heat waves in Europe, especially the one in France in 2003, claimed many lives. In the last few years, America has also faced devastating disasters in the form of tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones. They caused many deaths and much destruction. Although progress in technology is helping man to reduce the impact of disasters, it is still not enough.

There is a direct correlation between higher human development and better preparedness to manage disasters. The less developed countries are more prone to suffer damages caused by disasters.

Of all the disasters, floods are the most common. They are followed by windstorms, droughts, and earthquakes. Drought is the deadliest, accounting for 48% of deaths due to natural disasters. Asia has the highest number of death toll from disasters. India, China and Bangladesh are in the Asian continent.

India, due to its geographical location and geological formation, is highly prone to disasters. Its long coastline, snow-covered peaks and high mountain ranges and the perennial rivers of the north combine to make the problems worse. India has only 2% of the total geographical area, but it supports 18% of the total population. So, 

there is a great pressure on the natural resources. This directly or indirectly leads to disasters like floods, droughts, landslides and earthquakes.

The northern region of India faces problems due to landslides, floods, droughts and earthquakes because it falls under the seismic zones III to V. The eastern region has the problem of floods in the perennial rivers which include the Brahmaputra, the Ganga, etc. Drought, heat waves, hailstorms, cyclones, heavy winds and earthquakes are also common here. The north-eastern region has floods, landslides and earthquakes. This region comes under seismic zones IV & V.

The western region is known for severe droughts, wind erosion of land and soil, floods and cyclones. It is also prone to earthquakes. The southern region, particularly the coastal area, is vulnerable to cyclones, sea erosion, tsunami and landslides. The islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep are open to the problems of Sea erosion and tsunami. The Indian coastal areas have faced some of the worst cyclones.

Among all the disasters in India, the tsunami is a relatively new thing. Due to the lack of an adequate warning system, the tsunami of 2004 destroyed a large portion of the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and also the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It killed many people and destroyed properties worth many crores.

India has faced a number of natural disasters. There was also the man-made disaster of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984. During this century, India faced the Gujarat earthquake (2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the tsunami (2004), the Uttarakhand flash-floods and the hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (2013).

The direct and indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or industrial, are damage, destruction and death. When disaster strikes, the lifeline support systems like communication, power supply, watersupply and drainage are damaged. Healthcare and hospitals come under severe stress. Commercial and economic activities are badly affected. Life almost comes to a standstill. The psychological traumas caused by disasters are so severe that they last the entire life of the victim. So along with other rehabilitation works, psychological rehabilitation should be given.

The impact is the same even in the case of man made disasters like riots. The most affected are the poor sections of society, who have to work daily to earn their livelihood.

In some natural disasters like cyclones, tsunami and earthquake, it is the building structure that causes the destruction and death. In developing countries only 30% of the buildings are constructed in accordance with the regulations laid down for ensuring safety and security. The lack of a masterplan and the inferior quality of materials used for construction also increase the casualties arising out of disasters. Both private and public buildings should be constructed according to the guidelines prescribed by law. Construction should also be according to the master plan approved by the authorities. Good quality materials only should be used for construction.

The UNDAC (United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination), along with the Indian Government, has jointly prepared an action plan for cities and towns prone to earthquakes. In vulnerable areas, the existing buildings should be technically assessed and owners should be informed about the weaknesses in their construction. It is estimated that nearly a million buildings are constructed in India each year and an equal number of them gets damaged as a result of disasters. To reduce the damage to buildings, a monitoring mechanism should be set up. It should work in proper coordination with the concerned authorities to ensure the fulfillment of building codes.

In the case of disaster management, the state governments play a major role. The central government plays only a facilitating role. At the state level, there is a State Level Disaster Management Committee consisting of the senior secretaries of various departments and the representatives of NGOs. At the national level, there is a Crisis Management Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary and the secretaries from the major departments of the government. Thfffcentral government, with proper coordination with various ministries, gives the necessary support to the states. This includes defence services like airdropping, rescuing, searching, transport of relief goods, etc. and availability of railway and ferry services, health personnel and medical support.

Rehabilitation is an integral part of disaster management. Disasters are non-routine events and so they need non-routine services. It means the Government can’t rely on normal procedures to take urgent action. There should be proper coordination among the various departments of the government to bring speedy relief to the victim. The rescue teams have to learn special skills and attitudes in dealing with disasters. They need to be well equipped and should have the latest technologies.

Disaster management has acquired greater importance of late. The purpose is not to prevent natural or man-made disasters. We may not be able to prevent many of these disasters but we can definitely reduce their destructive impact.

The man-made disaster mentioned here is riots. The most affected are the poor sections of society. It is so because they have to work daily to earn their livelihood.

The measures of rehabilitation that are adopted after each disaster are not good enough. When a disaster happens, the chief ministers and some other ministers run to the spot of disaster. Some half-hearted measures are carried out just to please the people. Often these measures are just temporary solutions. After the tsunami, some houses were constructed to rehabilitate the victims. After two seasons of heavy rain most of the houses became so bad people could not live there. The measures taken are insufficient. Corruption is the main cause for our troubles. The contractors who make the buildings use defective material and the buildings they make do not last. We have seen what happens to our roads. There is no determined effort on the part of anybody to make things work properly. Authorities become immune to criticism.

In areas vulnerable to earthquakes, the existing buildings should be technically assessed and owners should be informed about the weaknesses in their construction. It is estimated that nearly a million buildings are constructed in India each year and an equal number of them gets damaged as a result of disasters. To reduce the damage to buildings, a monitoring mechanism should be set up. It should work in proper coordination with the concerned authorities to ensure the fulfilment of building codes.

The major limitations in constructing safe and secure buildings are people don’t follow the regulations laid down for ensuring safety and security. In developing countries, only 30% of the buildings are constructed in accordance with the regulations. The lack of a master-plan and the inferior quality of materials used for construction are also major limitations.

Bi-directional flow is chosen for PHT system because, 

a. Uniform temperature gradient is facilitated so there will be no differential thermal expansion. 

b. It facilitates fuelling even when the reactor is working, which facilitates uniform neutron flux and this intern gives rise to maximum fuel burns up.  

a) .odt

When a file is saved in LibreOffice it gets a default extension as .odt.

In object-oriented programming, inheritance is a way to form new classes using classes that have already been defined.

1. Reusability:
Inheritance helps the code to be reused in many situations.

2. Saves Time and Effort:
Since the main code is written can be reused in various situations as heeded.

3. Easy Maintenance:
The different part of the programs written in C++ can be easily maintained due to the features of Inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, etc.,

4. Easy to extend:
The programs can be extended with new features by adding very easily.

5. Memory utilisation:
Due to the feature of dynamic binding and dynamic memory allocation (new and delete), memory can be efficiently used.

To ensure the safety and security of the buildings, both private and public buildings should be constructed according to the guidelines prescribed by law. Construction should be according to the master plan approved by the authorities. Good quality materials should be used for construction.

Correct answer is (c) Think about all your accomplishment so far and feel good about it 

The purposes of end-shield are, 

a. To permit access to F/M vault during shut down. 

b. To provide tight clamping for fuelling machines. 

c. To support the calandria tubes and also system. 

1. Data model:
Data models are fundamental entities that define how the logical structure of a database is modeled. Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system.

2. Tuple:
Collection of related fields (e.g. Name, Age, register number, marks)

3. Domain:
A domain describes the set of possible values for a given attribute.

4. Primary key:
A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot have NULL values.

5. Foreign key:
A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a Primary Key in a different table.

Five safety measures : 

i) Use antivirus and antispyware software 

ii) Use strong passwords 

iii) Backup your data: 

iv) Use encryption software 

v) Keeping your username and password private 

vi) Do not share personal information 

vii) Secure transactions:

(c) Ctrl + n

A new document can be created in LibreOffice Writer by the shortcut key is Ctrl + n.

b) Ctrl+N

Ctrl+N is the shortcut key to create a new document in LibreOffice Writer.

(c) Think about all your accomplishments so far and feel good about it. 

It is an electrical connection with the general mass of earth through an earth electrode. 

While measuring of grounding resistance is more than computed design value 0.11Ω, then following are recommended to reduce it. Add in water the following highly conductive substances and pour into treated pit. 

 a. Sodium chloride (Nacl), known as common salt. 

b. Calcium chloride (Ca CL₂) 

c. Sodium carbonate (Na₂ CO₃₎ 

d. Copper sulphate (Cu SO₄) 

e. Soft choke and f. Salt and charcoal in suitable proportions.

System grounding is obtained by grounding the neutral through resistance, through transformer and through effective or solidly grounding. 

Equipment grounding is obtained by Grounding of non-current carrying metallic parts equipment. For instance no-current carrying parts include the following:

a. Motor body, switchgear metal enclosure, transformer tank, conduits of wiring etc. 

b. Support structures, tower, poles etc. in the neighborhood of electrical circuits. 

c. Sheath of cables. 

d. Body of portable equipment such as iron, oven, etc.  

There are few methods, which can give approximately true value. These are described below.

a. Fall of potential method: This method is applicable for small grid or sub station where induction effect of voltage is less. 

b. Measurement of earth resistance by 61.8% distance rule: 

c. Alternate – 1 of fall of potential method: This method is influenced by induction effect. 

d. Alternate – 2 of fall of potential method: 

Both have same meaning. The term earthing is used in U.K. and grounding in U.S.A. ground means earth.

The moisture content is expressed in percent by weight of dry soil. Dry earth weights about 1440 kg per cubic meter and thus 10% moisture content is equivalent to 144 kg of water per cubic meter of dry soil. So about 20% moisture, the resistivity is very little affected. Below 20%, the resistivity increases very abruptly with the decrease in moisture. 

a. A row also called a record or tuple represents a single, data item in a table

b. The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

c. Database Management System is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database

(d) Insert > Image > Insert Image > Open

The correct sequence of steps required to insert a picture into the document in LibreOffice Writer is Insert > Image > Insert Image > Open.

Various word wrapping options are :

- In line with text 

- Square 

- Tight 

- Through 

- Top and bottom 

- Behind text 

- In front of text

During re-closure, when fault is persisting a person might be subjected to the first shock which would not permanently injure him, but would upset and disturb him temporarily. 

Next, a single fast automatic re-closure could in a second shock initiated within less than 500 ms from the start of first. It is this second shock, occurring after a relatively short interval of time before the person has recovered, that might cause a serious accident. With manual re-closure the possibility of exposure to a second shock is reduced since the time interval may be substantially greater.  

Ratio of direct current (DC) to its equivalent rms value of alternating current (AC) having the same probability of inducting ventricular fibrillation. 

K = I DC fibrillation / I AC fibrillation (rms). 

K = 3000 mA / 100 mA 

K = 30 mA 

Threshold of let-go is unlike AC there is no definable threshold of let-go for DC for current magnitude below approximately 300 mA. Only the making and breaking of current leads to painful and cramp like contractions of muscles.

Above approximately 300 mA, let-go may be impossible or only possible after several seconds or minutes of shock duration. Below approximately 300 mA a sensation of warmth is felt in the extremities during the flow of current. Above 300 mA unconsciousness frequently occurs. 

a. Earthing shall generally be carried out in accordance with the requirement of India electricity rule 1956, as amended from time to time and the relevant regulations of the electricity supply authority concerned. 

b. All medium voltage equipment shall be earthed by two separate and distinct connections with earth. In the case of high and extra high voltages, the neutral points shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct connections with earth, each having its own electrodes at the generating station or substation and may be earthed at any other point provided no interference is caused by such earthing. If necessary, the neutral may be earthed through suitable impedance. 

c. As for as possible all earth connections shall be visible for inspection. 

d. All connections shall be carefully made. If they are poorly made or inadequate for the purpose for which they are intended, loss of life or serious personal injury may result. 

e. Each earth system shall be so devised that the testing of individual earth electrode is possible. It is recommended that the value of any earth system resistance shall be such as to confirm with the degree of shock protection desired. 

f. It is recommended that a drawing showing the main earth connection and earth electrodes be prepared for each installation. 

g. No addition to the current carrying system, either temporary or permanent shall be made which will increase the maximum available earth fault or its duration until it has been ascertained that the existing arrangement of earth electrodes, earth bus-bar etc. are capable of carrying the new value of earth fault current which may be obtained by this addition. 

h. No cut-out link or switch other than a linked switch arranged to operate simultaneously on the earthed or earthed neutral conductor and the live conductors, shall be inserted on any supply system. This however, does not include the case of a switch for use in controlling a generator or a transformer or a link for test purposes. 

i. All materials fittings, etc. used in earthing shall conform to Indian standard specifications, wherever these exist.

A value of 1000 Ω is selected for the calculations that follows as representing the resistance of a human body from hand to both feet and also from hand to hand or from one foot to other foot. 

Above paths includes vital organs such as heart. 

a. Path from hand to foot is much more dangerous than foot to foot, since current flow through heart during foot to foot current flow will be much less than the current flow from hand to foot approximate ratio is 25:1 

b. However deaths have occurred during foot to foot current flow. Hence can not be ignored.  

i. Charts may be used

ii. You can insert a movie in two ways: 

• Using Insert tab 
• Using Title and Content Layout Option

iii. He should use Presenter View in Slide Show Tab

Steps to insert shapes are :- 

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon. Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group 

2. Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shapes such as box, circle, etc. appears. 

3. Select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the shape by dragging the mouse with the left button clicked. For example, if you like to insert a square, select the box shaped item from the list, click and drag the shape to draw a square.

Do a thorough spell check across all slides 

- Perform a manual spell check for terms that are not included during the standard spell check in the presentation software; NOT all terms (particularly technical terms such as biological names, etc.) will be checked 

- Remove irrelevant content such as images or clip arts, terms, etc. if they are not required.

Difference Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration:

The end products of aerobic respiration are CO₂, water and energy.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + (686 Kcal)

A large amount of energy is released, i.e, 38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

Respiration could be defined as a metabolic biochemical process that takes place in all living cells of an organism where they produce energy by intake of oxygen and liberation of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of various organic substances. The energy produced is in the form of Adenosine-triphosphate or ATP which is also known as the energy molecule.

Two types of respiration processes have been observed

1. Aerobic respiration 

2. Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen and produces energy. It is observed in both plants and animals and the end product of this type of respiration is water and Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Have a look at the reaction which takes place during aerobic respiration.

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)  + Oxygen 6(O₂) → Carbon-dioxide 6(CO₂)  +  Water 6 (H₂O) + Energy (ATP)

As observed, in this type of respiration, Glucose molecules are split in the presence of oxygen and the end or by-products which are released are CO_2, water and energy in the form of ATP. The total energy released in this reaction is 2900KJ which is used to produce ATP molecules. It is observed in all types of multicellular organisms. 

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration is another type of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces energy. In this process,  glucose breaks down without the help of oxygen and the by-products produced are alcohol, CO₂ and energy or ATP. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell. The chemical reaction of this process is as follows:

Glucose(C₆H₁₂O₆) → Alcohol 2(C₂H₅O H) + Carbon dioxide 2(CO₂) + Energy (ATP )

Aerobic respiration could be divided into 

1. Lactic acid fermentation

2. Alcoholic fermentation

Fish – Internal gills

The respiratory organ of fish is the gill. In addition to respiration, the gills also perform functions of acid-base regulation, osmoregulation, and excretion of nitrogenous compounds.

Electron and proton are charged particle. A charged particle moving a magnetic field experiences a force that is perpendicular to both the particle velocity and to the magnetic field itself.

Lorentz force law : Magnitude of the magnetic force on a moving, charged particle is

F = qvB sin θ

where q = charge, B = magnetic field, v = velocity, θ = angle b/w the charges velocity and magnetic field.