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A. Option 4 All or none-propagated potentials in excitable tissues. Action potentials travel as a wave of reversed polarity caused by an initial increase in membrane permeability to sodium followed by a slower increase in membrane permeability to potassium. 

B. Option 2 The voltage gradient between the inside and the outside of a cell. This potential is maintained actively by metabolic processes and disappears if these processes are poisoned. Resting membrane potentials range from about 60 to about 90 millivolts, negative inside with respect to outside. 

C. Option 5 The graded, non-propagated potential changes seen in sensory end organs. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory end organ it causes a non-propagated depolarization whose size is related to the strength of the stimulus. When the generator potential reaches the threshold for firing, it gives rise to an action potential that travels along the axon away from the end organ. 

D. Option 3 The unstable membrane potentials seen in smooth and cardiac muscle. The membranes of pacemaker cells show an unstable membrane potential that falls spontaneously until it reaches the threshold for firing when it gives rise to one or more propagated action potentials. 

E. Option 1 The graded, non-propagated potential changes across cell membranes induced by neurotransmitter substances. When an impulse reaches the terminal processes of a pre-synaptic nerve, it causes neurotransmitter to be released that induces postsynaptic potentials in the post-synaptic neurone. When the potential reaches the threshold for firing in the post-synaptic nerve an action potential is induced that travels over the entire membrane of the post-synaptic cell.

A. False It is maximal around the time of awakening. 

B. False This feedback system is over-ridden by the hypothalamic circadian rhythm. 

C. False The level is high but the circadian rhythm is lost. 

D. True Due to loss of negative feedback by cortisol. 

E. True ACTH is suppressed by these exogenous glucocorticoids. 

A. False It increases it by depressing phosphate reabsorption. 

B. True It does so in the absence of the kidneys. 

C. False It does not affect the anterior pituitary. 

D. True Blood calcium level determines its rate of secretion. 

E. True From 25-hydroxy to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. 

A. Option 3 Involved in the breakdown of catecholamines. Catecholamines are inactivated by oxidation by the enzyme MAO that is found in some neurones. 

B. Option 5 Involved in the breakdown of acetylcholine. Cholinesterase is found in high concentration near motor nerve endings in muscle and rapidly hydrolyses acetylcholine following its release from the nerve endings. 

C. Option 2 Involved in the genesis of inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs). GABA is released from pre-synaptic nerve endings and causes hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane so causing an IPSP. 

D. Option 4 A neurotransmitter in the brain involved in basal ganglia activity. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra is associated with Parkinson’s disease. 

E. Option 1 A neurotransmitter in the brain involved in determining mood. Serotonin containing nerves have been found in the brain stem. Selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drugs are used in the treatment of depression.

A. Option 4 The knee jerk. This is a spinal reflex with two neurones. The afferent nerve from the muscle spindle synapses with a motor fibre in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. 

B. Option 2 The withdrawal reflex. This reflex has more than two synapses in the reflex pathway. 

C. Option 3 Salivation on seeing or thinking about food. This is a learned reflex that can be reinforced or inhibited by learned experience and involves the cerebral cortex. 

D. Option 5 The baroreceptor reflex. This reflex is inborn and is not modified by learned experiences. 

E. Option 1 Nerve-mediated skin vasodilatation following skin damage. An axon reflex is a local reflex that does not involve the spinal cord. Stimulation of a sensory nerve receptor results in a local response mediated by a local branch of the sensory nerve.

A systematic presentation of the values taken by a variable with respective probabilities is called the probability distribution of a random variable.

A. True The enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. 

B. False Plasma renin rises as the blood pressure falls. 

C. True The fall in blood pressure it causes decreases the work of the heart and can be an effective treatment for some types of heart failure. 

D. False It rises due to the increased renin and the inability to convert to angiotensin II. 

E. False Due to the fall in aldosterone secretion, less potassium is excreted. 

A. Option 3 A method to estimate the metabolic rate. The rate of metabolism can be estimated from the oxygen consumption if the respiratory quotient is known. 

B. Option 1 The increase in energy expenditure following ingestion of food. The extra energy expenditure required to assimilate ingested food into the body is referred to as its SDA. It is required for all types of food but protein requires the most energy for its assimilation. 

C. Option 4 A phosphorolated high-energy compound. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is widely distributed in the body and much energy is stored in its phosphate bonds. This energy can be released when required to energy-requiring processes such as muscle contraction and membrane polarization. 

D. Option 5 The rate of metabolism in a resting subject. The basal metabolic rate is a measure of total energy expenditure at rest in the post-absorptive state. It can be measured by measuring oxygen consumption. 

E. Option 2 A thioester high-energy compound. This sulphur containing high-energy compound is derived from mercaptan. It combines with substances in reactions that would otherwise require outside energy.

A. Option 3 A form of inhibition in which activation of one neural group causes inhibition of neurones surrounding the activated group. This is seen in the neurones of the occipital cortex where central excitation reduces activity in surrounding neurones. 

B. Option 5 A state where neurones in the brain and spinal cord are less excitable than normal. A general state of inhibition of excitability of the neurones in the CNS can be induced by general anaesthetic and other drugs that depress the central nervous system. 

C. Option 2 Inhibition produced by release of transmitters that affect the membrane potential of efferent neurones. Here the inhibition of the post-synaptic membrane is caused by the action of pre-synaptic nerve terminals directly on the membrane of the post-synaptic cell body. 

D. Option 1 Inhibition produced by the action of neurotransmitters on the terminal processes of afferent nerves. In this case nerve endings of afferent neurones release neurotransmitters close to the nerve endings of other neurones to modulate release of neurotransmitter from them. 

E. Option 4 Inhibition of a conditioned reflex by an application of a new stimulus just before the application of the conditioned stimulus. Conditioned reflexes can be reinforced or inhibited by external stimuli given at about the same time as the conditioned stimulus.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

The lengthiest Constitution in the world 
The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.
Parliamentary form of Government 
The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president  is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.
Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility 
It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.
Fundamental Rights 
The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic  State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.
Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) 
The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.
A federation with strong centralising tendency 
The most remarkable feature of the Indian Constitution is that being a federal Constitution it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. During the proclamation of emergency the normal distribution of powers between Centre and State undergoes a vital change. The union parliament is empower to legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list. The financial arrangements between the Centre and State can also be
altered by the Union Government.
Adult Suffrage 
The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been given the right to elect representatives for the legislature.
An Independent Judiciary 
An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.

A Secular State 
A Secular State has no religion of its own as recognised religion of State. It treats all religions equally. Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution give concrete shape to this concept of secularism. It guarantees to every person the freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. In a Secular state, the state only regulate the relationship between man and man.
Single Citizenship 
The American constitution provides for dual citizenship, i.e., the citizen of America and a state citizenship. But in India there is only one citizenship, i.e., Citizen of India. No state citizenship like citizen of Assam, Citizen of Delhi. Every Indian is Citizen of India and enjoy the same rights of  citizenship no matter in what state he resides.

Human insulin is grown in the lab inside common bacteria.

Lecithin is phospholipid found in cell membrane.

• A – Glucose 
• B – Maltose 
• C- Glycosidic bond

1. Peptide bond 

2. 20 types of amino acids 

3. Note on amino acids: 

• Essential amino acids: The amino acids can not be synthesisecHn the animal body and must be obtained through diet are called essential amino acids. 
• Non-essential amino acids: The amino acids which can be synthesised in the body are called non essential amino acids.

Correct answer is (C) [Ni(CN)₄]^2-

Correct answer is (B) Butane

The fertilized female of mulberry silkworm lays eggs within 24 hours 400-500.

Female produces more lac, & is important for commercial production.

b. Trogoderma granarium

a. Dermestidae

 Carpet beetle belongs to family Dermestidae.

(d) All the above

Toughness it is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture.

a. Allelochemical nonpreference

b. Spermatheca

Vicker’s hardness known as micro indentation hardness technique.

c. Both plants and insects

a. Phytoalexins

a. Nickel aluminide

Silicone polymer is a viscoelastic extreme sold as novelty and known for as “silly putty” in making dolls.

(d) dislocation

(d)Fracture point

The ration of Lateral and longitudinal strain is known as Poissson’ratio.

(c) Obstructs dislocation motion

(d)Strain hardening effects

In polymer, an intermediate viscoelastic behaviour is seen which on applied stress results in an instantaneous elastic strain followed by time dependant strain.