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Answer is (d) n(E)/n(S)

Answer is (b) 1

Answer is (b) sin x + sin y = k

Answer is (b) a^x (log a)²

Answer is (c) -√(y/x)

Answer is (b) (0,1)

Answer is (b) 9^x.(log 9)²

Answer is (b) 2

Answer is (A) 4,2

Given differential equation is dy/dx = (1 + y²)/(1 + x²)

or, (1/(1 + y²)) dy = (1/(1 + x²)) dx

on, integrating,

∫(1/(1 + y²)) dx = ∫(1/(1 + x²)) dy 

or, tan^-1 y = tan^-1 x + c

or tan^-1 y - tan^-1 x = c

or, tan^-1 ((y - x)/(1 + yx)) = c

or, (y - x)/(1 + yx) = tan c

∴ (y - x)/(1 + yx) = c(constant) is, the require solution

Answer is (b) 2,2

Answer is (b) 2

The organ in man concerned with maintaining water balance in the body is Kidney.

Blood is alkaline in nature but urine formed from blood is acidic. It is due to the reason that acidic products are continuously added to blood, but at the same time kidneys perform important service by selectively filtering out substances from blood into urine, thus it is acidic in nature.

Lungs possess blood capillaries which absorb O₂ and pass on CO₂ to the alveoli, by the simple process of diffusion, which is finally removed from the body. If retained inside the body, it may prove fatal. So lungs act as excretory organs.

Glucose, amino acid, and some salts of sodium and potassium

Amino acids are broken down in the liver to form the amino group (NH₂) compounds and keto acids like pyruvic acid and other acids. Urea is formed from the amino group and other ammonium compounds during deamination by combination with CO₂. It takes place by ornithine cycle.

If one kidney is donated to a needy patient, the other kidney alone is sufficient for removing wastes or excretion. Thus, the donor can live a normal life.

(i) In a nephron, the blood .enters by afferent arteriole and is filtered through the glomerulus. The filtrate is passed into the Bowman’s capsule; by the process called ultrafiltration. The filtrate contain useful products like glucose, amino acids, salts etc. The plasma proteins, blood corpuscles and platelets are retained in the glomerular mass. The filtrate now passes through Henle’s loop where selective reabsorption of useful products takes place but urea and uric acid are not absorbed. Now the excretory substances are secreted by proximal and distal convoluted tubule and urine is formed.

(ii) Hypertonic.

Kidney is filters out urea and uric acid from the blood stream.

The substance found in excess in the urine of a diabetic patient is Glucose.

1. The U-shaped portion of a nephron located in the medulla region is called Henle’s loop.

2. The knot of blood vessel inside the Bowman’s capsule is Glomerulus.

3. The duct which transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder is Ureter.

4. Renal artery supplies blood to kidney.

5. The human liver converts ammonia into Urea.

It is necessary to maintain a normal osmotic concentration of blood to keep the body cells in a steady state (proper working condition).

The glucose is absent in the urine of a healthy person because it is completely reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate.

1. False, 

Ureters carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

2. True

3. True

4. True

The duct Glomerulus transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

(i) (1) Collecting tubule

(2) Distal convoluted tubule

(3) Loop of Henle.

(4) Bowman capsule.

(ii) The afferent arteri ole entering the Bowman capsule is wider than the efferent arteriole which leaves it. So more blood is entering and less blood is moving out of the glomerulus.

(iii) Renal venuole.

(iv) Ultrafilteration and Reabsorption.

(v) Loop of Henle.

Sugar found in excess in the urine of a diabetic person.

Uric acid and water

A uriniferous tubule also known as the kidney tubule is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. 

It takes in impure blood from the renal artery and removes wastes in the form of urine. It also provides a larger surface area for reabsorption of salts and water.

1. True

2. False, 

Harmful ammonium compounds formed during the metabolism in the cells are broken down to form urea in the liver.

3. False, 

Ammonia is converted into urea in liver.

4. False, 

Urine leaves the urinary bladder of a female by means of the urethra.

Excretion is necessary to remove the harmful and toxic substances from the body.

Except urine, all others listed are secretions, because secretion is giving out by a cell or gland some substances that have some utility for the body. While excretion is the passing out of substances that have no further use in the body or are harmful.

(c) Removal of nitrogenous wastes.

Excretion: It is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body.

Secretion: It is the production of chemical substances and pour them into the blood outside the body.

1. Besides excretion, the kidneys also carry out the important function of Osmoregulation.

2. Automatic self-regulation of salt and water within the body is known of Homeostasis.

3. The outer surface of the kidney is Convex while the inner surface is concave.

4. Urine is collected in the Urinary bladder.

5. Sweat formed in the sweat glands passes into the sweat duct which opens to the outside at the surface of the skin by means of Sweat pore.

Ester is the product obtained from esterification reaction. These compounds are responsible for the pleasant smell of fruits. It is found in fruits such as apples, mangoes, pineapples, strawberries etc. Sometimes, esters are used as flavouring agents in food items and in perfumes as well.

Required Material : 

Test tube, beaker, tripod* burner, water, wire guage, ethanol (absolute alcohol), glacial acetic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid.

Procedure : 

1. Take 1 ml of ethanol and 1 ml of glacial acetic acid along with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in the test tube. 

2. Warm it in a water bath or in a beaker containing water for atleast five (5) minutes.

3. Pour the warm contents into a beaker containing 20-50 ml of water and observe the odour of the resulting mixture. If we smell sweet odour from the beaker, we can confirm that ester is formed.

Excretion commonly involves:

• Removal of all by-products during catabolism
• Removal of by-products during anabolism
• Removal of nitrogenous waste

CH₃ COOH + C₂ H₅ OH → CH₃ COOC₂ H₅ + H₂O

1. Take 1 ml of pure ethanol in a test tube and add 1ml of ethanoic acid to it. Then add 2 to 3 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the mixture.
2. Warm the test tube
3. Pour the contents of the test tube in a 50ml of water taken in an another beaker and smell it.
4. A sweet smell is obtained with indicates the formation of ester.

(a) Ni acts as a catalyst 

(b) Concentrated H₂SO₄ acts as a catalyst 

(c) Alkaline KMnO₄ acts as an oxidising agent

(b) animal fats and vegetable oils

On hydrogenation, the liquid vegetable oil change into solid fat (vanasapati ghee). Nickel or palladium can be used as the catalyst.

The answer is (a) Addition reaction

Here Hydrogen is added to oil, hence it is an addition reaction.