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Molecular formula of methane: CH₄ 

The number of hydrogen atoms in methane is 4.

The molecules of compounds which have a complex structure formed by many atoms and in the centre of this structure metal atoms are also included are called complex compounds. 

Examples: Haemoglobin, chlorophyll.

(i) Glucose, urea.

(ii) Chlorophyll, Haemoglobin.

(iii) Soda, rust, limestone.

1. Phase: (i) Solid: Sodium chloride, blue vitriol, sand, (ii) Liquid: Water, alcohol, (iii) Gas: Chlorine, ammonia. 

2. Homogeneous matter: Blue vitriol (solid), a solution of blue vitriol in water (a solid in a liquid), chlorinated water (a gas in a liquid). 

3. Heterogeneous matter: Sand and water, sand and alcohol, blue vitriol and sand. 

4. Homogeneous mixture: A solution of sodium chloride in water, air, a mixture of water and alcohol. 

5. Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture of sand and blue vitriol, sodium chloride and iron filings, oil and water. 

6. Solution: Seawater, a solution of sugar in water, a solution of blue vitriol in water. 

7. Suspension: A mixture of sand and water, sand and alcohol, muddy water, limestone in water. 

8. Colloid: Milk, milk of magnesia, blood, printing ink.

When the components of a mixture are distributed into two or more phases, it is called a heterogeneous mixture. 

Examples: Oil and water, sand and water.

Seawater is a homogeneous mixture.

Compounds which when heated strongly decomposes to give a residue behind are called inorganic compounds.

Examples: Common salt, rust, blue vitriol, limestone.

The compound which when heated strongly gives black coloured carbon residue is called an organic compound or carbon compound. Examples: Carbohydrates, proteins, hydrocarbons (petrol, cooking gas).

• Organic compounds: Petrol, cooking gas 
• Inorganic compounds: Common salt, blue vitriol. 
• Complex compounds: Cyano cobalamine, haemoglobin.

Correct Answer is: A. Monosaccharide 

• Examples of Monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (laevulose), and galactose. 

• Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).

A. Mono saccharide

Interstitial compounds.

Characteristic properties :

(i) High melting points, higher than those of pure metals.

(ii) Very hard.

(iii) Retain metallic conductivity.

(iv) Chemically inert.

(i) Fe(CO)₅ [ EAN rule]

(ii) MnO₃F [ Mn shows +7 oxidation state; d-electrons are not involved in bonding.]

The cytoplasmic extra nuclear genes have a characteristic pattern of inheritance which does not resemble genes of nuclear chromosomes and are known as Extrachromosomal/ Cytoplasmic inheritance.

Eugenics refers to the study of the possibility of improving the qualities of human population. 

Methods of Eugenics:

1. Sex-education in school and public forums. 

2. Promoting the uses of contraception. 

3. Compulsory sterilization for mentally retarded and criminals. 

4. Egg donation. 

5. Artificial insemination by donors.

6. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders and performing MTP 

7. Gene therapy 

8. Cloning 

9. Egg/sperm donation of healthy individuals.

Two different types of gametes produced by female. –ZW - Birds.

Trisomic condition of chromosome – 21 results in Down’s syndrome. It is characterized by severe mental retardation, defective development of the central nervous system, increased separation between the eyes, flattened nose, ears are malformed, mouth is constantly open and the tongue protrudes.

1. Down‘s Syndrome: 

2. Klinefelter‘s Syndrome:

When a particular chromosome is present in three copies in a cell, it is called trisomy. 

For example, Down’s syndrome is because of trisomy of 21st chromosome.

PCl₅, SF₆ , IF₇ , SF₄

Elements in and beyond the third period of the periodic table have, apart from 3s & 3p orbital, 3d orbital also available for bonding. In a number of compounds of this elements, there is more than 8 valence electron around a central atom. This is termed as expanded octet. 

Ex. PF₅ , SF₆ ,H₂SO₄

The sum of formal charge is always equal to the charge present on the ion. Hence sum of charges in NO3 ^- will be -1.

It helps us to select the most stable structure out of all the different Lewis structures.

(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

The Guru of Swami Vivekananda was Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa.

Swami Vivekananda gave Hindu culture a global recognition and fame and infused religious and political consciousness among-st Indians.

(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

1. Aavro: The transactions recorded in the Rojmel or Bethomel and Peta Nondh are once again recorded in another book at the end of fifteen days or a month or a specified period. This book is known as ‘Aavro’.

Avro is a book showing all the business transactions. All those transactions recorded in Rojmel or Bethomel and subsidiary books are again recorded in this book at the end of fifteen days or a month or a specified period.
Aavro is prepared like Rojmel and for the purpose, a book that has pages with eight folds pages is used.

All the transactions recorded in Aavro and the closing balance (Purant Baki) is arrived at. Such closing balance tallied with the closing balance as per Rojmel or Bethomel. The accounting accuracy is maintained by recording all the business transactions in Aavro. ‘Aavro’ is also useful as a tool to find out and control errors in all the transactions recorded in the books of accounts. ‘Aavro’ is generally maintained by shroffs and big businessmen.

2. Vigat Khatu: When there are a number of transactions with a single person or a transaction relating to expense or income or like that matter then separate account is not opened for each transaction. The whole amount is debited or credited to Vigat Khatu and the other details of this Khatu is shown in the inner column. But if there is no posting of Vigat Khatu, all the accounts are separately posted. This saves both the time and labour.

3. Shah Khatu: When an amount is received from someone or paid to someone whose name is forgotten by the trader, the same is recorded to Shri Shah Khate immediately and the Rojmel or Bethomel is closed. When the name is remembered, a reverse entry is passed against Shri Shah Khate and the correct entry is recorded against such a person’s account. When the name of the person is not be disclosed, in such a case also Shri Shah Khatu is used.

4. Tasalmat Khatu: When any expense or income is incurred by the trader but the reason is forgotten or the concerned account cannot be ascertained, then it is temporarily transferred to Tasalmat Khatu and the Rojmel is closed. Later on when the reason is remembered or the concerned account is ascertained then the Tasalmat Khatu is closed by giving an opposite entry and debited or credited to the concerned account. Tasalmat Khatu is like a suspense account under Double Entry System of accounting.

5. Deshavar Khatu: When the owner of the business or his salesman, munim or any other person goes out of station for business purpose, a lump sum amout is given to him for expense. This amount is not debited to his personal account, but is debited to Deshavar khatu of that individual. During the tour when he collects money from debtors, it is also debited to Deshavar Khatu and if he makes any payment on behalf of business, it is credited to Deshavar Khatu. When he returns back from the tour, he gives details of his account, appropriate accounting entires are made for the transactions which had taken place and thus the Deshavar Khatu is closed by crediting the amount. Deshavar Khatu is a temporary account.

(a) Swami Vivekananda

(d)  In 1897

Swami Ram Krishna Paramhans considered the Indian culture to be spiritual, eternal, and the best in world.

Swami Vivekananda.

(b) Swami Vivekananda

1. As the spirit of tolerance and understanding developed between the Hindus and the Muslims, two liberal religious reform movements took shape in the Medieval Period. They were the sufi and Bhakti movements. 

2. The Sufis came to India with the Turks in the 12th century ce. Over the years, they absorbed Buddhistand Hindu influences and were greatly respected by the Muslims as well as the Hindu. 

3. The Bhakti Movement began in South India in the 7th century ce and became a popular movement before the arrival of the Turks. 

4. There were 10 Sikh gurus. 

5. The holy book of the Sikhs is known as the Shri Guru Granth Sahibji. 

6. The Sikhs worship in a Gurdwara which means door of the guru

Features of Indian economy at the time of independence : Due to British economic policies, at the time of independence, Indian economy was stagnant, semi-feudal, backward, and agriculture based. 

Therefore, the main characteristics of Indian economy at the time of independence were the following :

• Underdeveloped Economy : At the time of independence, Indian economy was underdeveloped. Percapita income and status of industrial development was low. Dependence on agriculture was more and basic infrastructure was backward. Dependence on import was greater and social challenges like poverty, unemployment and illiteracy rate existed in India. . 
• Stagnant Economy : At the time of independence, the speed of development on Indian economy was obstructed, agricultural production and productivity was less, development rate was low, tendency of exploitation was high and Indian industries had declined. Technical development had become inert. 
• Semi-feudal Economy : The British government encouraged Zamindari System, Mahalwari Settlement and Jagirdari Settlement, etc. for the ownership of land and adopted a capitalized system in the economy. As a result of this, intermediaries were created and these intermediaries exploited the farmers and transformed the skilled Indian workers and farmers into merely salaried labours and servants. 
• Backward Economy : As a result of excessive exploitation of resources in the British rule, the production capacity declined. Modem industries lagged behind, and social and economic infrastructure declined. 
• Effect of Partition : The country was divided into India and Pakistan on 15th August 1947. As a result of it, India received 77 per cent land and 82 per cent population. The partition did not favour India from the point of view of agriculture, but it was favorable from industrial point of view.. However, the fertile area which produced industrial raw material went in the hands of Pakistan.

Cotton clothes, silk clothes, woolen clothes, light-weight machines, and other final consumer products.

(d) All of these

Correct Answer is: (a) India

The number of banks had increased from 2 to 9.

In the beginning of the 20th century, the rate of growth of national income in India was even less than 2 per cent.

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established in 1907.

On April 1, 1935 under the RBI Act of 1934.

Cotton and silk textiles, wool, sugar, indigo, jute, spices, other types of raw material etc.

(c) Less than 2 per cent

The Britishers ruled in India for almost 200 years. A stagnance in per capital income, increase in poverty, traditional form of agriculture, decline in the wages of labourers, decline of handicraftsmen, insufficient industrial development can be enumerated as the effects of the underdeveloped condition of Indian economy during the British rule.

(a) Agriculture

William Bentinck.

Under the Ryotwari System, the ryot or the farmer was the owner of land.

The study of the condition of economic.development of a country can be done on the basis of data of national income and per capita income, extent of poverty, form of poverty, actual wages, commercial distribution of population, technical reforms in agricultural activities, industrial development, etc.

Before the British rule, cutting, weaving, painting, textile, bricks, leather work, ship building, salt, sugar, paper etc. industries were in developed state.