Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

A common person does not know how to read books. He reads them only for amusement without paying attention to the meaning and beauty that lie hidden in them. He reads them so rapidly that only a vague opinion of what he has read remains in his mind. He cannot answer questions regarding the book he has read. He just thinks that he has read such and such a book knowing almost nothing about what he has read. On the other hand, a great critic reads a book very carefully. He does not read only for amusement. He is able to express an original opinion regarding the contents of a book. The hidden meanings and the beauty of a book are exposed before him. Thus a great critic differs from a common person and is a better reader. 

एक सामान्य व्यक्ति पुस्तकों को पढ़ना नहीं जानता। वह उन्हें केवल मनोरंजन के लिए बिना अर्थ और सौन्दर्य जो उसके अन्दर छिपे होते हैं, पर ध्यान देते हुए पढ़ता है। वह उन्हें इतनी तेजी से पढ़ता है कि पढ़ी हुई विषयवस्तु के विषय में बहुत धुंधला विचार उसके मस्तिष्क में रहता है। जो कुछ उसने पढ़ा है, उसके बारे में लगभग कुछ न जानते हुए भी वह सोचता है कि उसने अमुक-अमुक पुस्तकें पढ़ ली हैं। दूसरी ओर एक महान समालोचक किसी पुस्तक को बहुत सावधानीपूर्वक पढ़ता है। वह केवल मनोरंजन के लिए नहीं पढ़ता है। वह किसी पुस्तक की विषय-वस्तु के सम्बन्ध में मौलिक विचार प्रस्तुत कर सकता है। किसी पुस्तक के छिपे अर्थ और सौन्दर्य उसके सामने प्रकट हो जाते हैं। इस प्रकार एक महान समालोचक एक सामान्य व्यक्ति से भिन्न होती है और एक बेहतर पाठक होता है।

The greatness of a book is determined on the following grounds: 

(i) The reader wants to read it again and again. 

(ii) The reader finds new meanings and new beauty in the book every time he reads it. 

(iii) The general opinion about the book. 

(iv) The judgement of generations. 

(v) Its ability to provide intellectual food. 

(vi) Its admiration and praise by all in all ages. 

(vii) It’s immortality. 

किसी पुस्तक की महानता निम्नलिखित आधारों पर निर्धारित की जाती है: 

(i) पाठक इसे बार-बार पढ़ना चाहता है। 

(ii) पाठक प्रत्येक बार जब इसे पढ़ता है तो उसे नए अर्थ एवं नया सौन्दर्य प्राप्त होता है। 

(iii) पुस्तक के बारे में सामान्य मत। 

(iv) पीढ़ियों का निर्णय। 

(v) बौद्धिक भोजन प्रदान करने की इसकी क्षमता। 

(vi) सभी युगों में सबके द्वारा इसकी प्रशंसा एवं सराहना। 

(vii) इसकी अमरता।

A scientific book is rich in information and knowledge. It is a work for hard study and is not read simply for amusement. A scientific book has an amount of value that makes it worth reading. 

वैज्ञानिक पुस्तक सूचना और ज्ञान से भरपूर होती है। यह गहन अध्ययन के लिए लिखी गई कृति होती है और इसे केवल मनोरंजन के लिए ही नहीं पढ़ा जाता है। वैज्ञानिक पुस्तक का बहुत ज्यादा महत्व होता है और यही महत्व इसे पढ़ने योग्य बनाता है।

The rope that tied the two mountaineers, Hillary and Tenzing, together, was referred to as a ‘symbol’ by Tenzing because he always felt that climbing was a teamwork for them. Success, risks, hard work and failure be shared by both as two of them were tied together to fulfill an ambition which was full of hazards. They were aware of the risks involved in their mission and in all those situations, the rope would be between them as a symbol of their togetherness.

(a) Positive

(b) Comparitive

(c) Superlative

It is generally believed that a good book of fiction, romance or poetry has no scientific basis. No scientific principles are supposed to have an impact on its composition. But the author thinks otherwise. He says that such a book is worth-reading and carries the same amount of value that a scientific book does. Though its value is of a different kind. He believes that a good book of fiction, romance or poetry is also a scientific work because it is composed according to the best principles of more than one science, especially the great science of life. These books deal in the knowledge of human nature and as such are scientific in nature. 

सामान्यतः ऐसा विश्वास किया जाता है कि किसी कथा-साहित्य, प्रेमाख्यान या काव्य की अच्छी पुस्तक का कोई वैज्ञानिक आधार नहीं होता है। माना जाता है कि इनकी रचना में किसी वैज्ञानिक सिद्धान्त का प्रभाव नहीं होता है। किन्तु लेखक इसके विपरीत सोचता है। उसका विश्वास है कि कथा- साहित्य, प्रेमाख्यान अथवा काव्य की अच्छी पुस्तक भी वैज्ञानिक रचना होती है क्योंकि यह पढ़ने योग्य होती है और इसका उतना ही महत्व होता है जितना एक वैज्ञानिक पुस्तक का। यद्यपि इसका महत्व अलग प्रकार का होता है फिर भी इसकी रचना एक से अधिक विज्ञान के अच्छे सिद्धान्तों, विशेष तौर पर जीवन के महान विज्ञान के सिद्धान्तों के अनुसार की गई होती है। इन पुस्तकों में मानव-स्वभाव के ज्ञान की चर्चा होती है और इसी कारण इनकी प्रकृति वैज्ञानिक होती है।

To: [email protected]

Cc: [email protected] 

Bcc: (non-visible email ids)

Subject: Permission for organising mountaineering expedition 

Respected Sir/Madam, 

This is Harshad Kale, the representative of XYZ college of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my teachers and Principal, I request you to grant me the permission for organising a mountaineering expedition planned by our college NCC unit from 25th to 30th July, 2019.

We shall be obliged if you permit us to organize the above mentioned expedition. I have attached the expedition programme for your kind perusal.

Awaiting your positive reply. 

Thanks and regards, 

Harshad Kale XYZ College of Arts and Commerce, 

Expedition programme [×]

Permission letter (Principal) [×]

(i) The above sentence is wrong.

Reason: When more than two nouns are compared superlative adjective should be used, i.e., quitest

(ii) The above sentence is wrong.

Reason: ‘More new’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of the adjective ‘new’.

(iii) The above sentence is wrong. 

Reason: ‘wonder fullest’ is the wrong form of superlative degree of the adjective ‘wonderful’.

(iv) The above sentence is wrong.

Reason: ‘More care fuller’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of ‘careful’.

(viii) Aditi is more careful than Mary.

XYZ, 

ABC Apartment, 

Flat No. 4, 29th Road, 

Shivaji Nagar, Pune 

11th July, 2019 

Dear Manav,

How are you? I am writing to you after a long time. These days I feel so lazy to write letters, thanks to modern technologies. But today, I am very excited. I went on my first trek last week and I wanted to share with you the details of my trekking experience.

You obviously know, Maharashtra lies amidst the Western Ghats and it welcomes the rains to the beautiful ranges of the Sahayadris. Last week my close friends and I decided to go to Lonavala and from there to Lohagad Fort for trekking, which is for the beginners. We were told that Lohagad Fort trek was not very difficult. We could reach up to the fort to witness some of the most spectacular views in the Lonavala trekking region.

It took us about three to four hours to reach the summit. I must admit that the initial fear was there. But after reaching the peak and seeing the magnificent view all around, we felt that it was worth going there.

Something I must tell you here before I forget. My elder brother Deepak has joined as an executive in a good company and he was my money-bag this time. I felt so, fortunate. Coming back to my expedition, the descent was easier as we were all in a jovial mood for completing the mission (to me, it was a mission only, my first trek) successfully. We have taken beautiful photographs of the surroundings which is breathtakingly beautiful. The waterfalls, lakes, streams, rock climbing patches, hillocks all around are real wonders of Mother Earth.

When are you planning to come to Pune? I’m eagerly waiting for showing you the photographs. How are Uncle and Aunty. Give them my regards.

Yours lovingly,

XYZ

1. The students get more exposure and experience.

2. They get close to nature.

3. They learn to handle adverse situations.

Harshad Kale 

College Representative 

XYZ College of Arts and Commerce, 

Ghatkopar (East), 

Mumbai – 400 077 

11th July, 2019

Divisional Officer, 

Satpuda Mountain Range, 

Nagpur

Subject: Permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by our college.

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am Harshad Kale, the College Representative of XYZ College of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my Principal Dr. Sunil Patil I would request you to grant me the permission for organizing the mountaineering expedition.

I would like to inform you that NCC Unit of our college has planned for the mountaineering expedition from 25th to 30th July. The students who are selected for taking part are all expert trekkers and they will be accompanied by experienced mountaineers as well as our Professors who go regularly for trekking. Our Principal has instructed to arrange for all precautionary measures and is personally taking care of all arrangements.

We shall be obliged if you kindly permit us to carry on the expedition. Awaiting your positive response.

Thanking you, 

Yours Sincerely Harshad Kale

Enclosed:

(a) Copy of the expedition programme.

(b) Letter of permission from Principal Dr. Sunil Patil

(i) Most of the time the rope was not tight.

(ii) My mind had been absolutely clear.

(iii) When I reached the top, my first thought was a sense of gratitude to God.

I like Bunjee-jumping a lot and have taken part in it at Lonavala. Bungee-jumping, I am sure, many of you, know that it is an activity where the participant jumps from a tall structure but he is obviously connected to a large elastic cord. It is thrilling and one needs a lot of courage to take part in it since a number of risks are involved in it.

Most common injuries are fracture, strains, sprains, bruising, chronic stress features. But the most dangerous risk is acute head injuries. Lots of precautions are being taken by the organizers but one needs to think whether it is worth taking such risks just for the sake of adventure.

The sentence “What does it matter whether I reached the top first or Hillary?” shows the unselfish character of Tenzing. He had the opportunity to claim that he reached the summit first as he was walking first and Hillary was behind him. But he did not take the credit as he knew it was a team work. Accomplishing the job was more important than taking credit for it.

The hazards and risks for a mountaineer/trekker may be:

1. Bad visibility caused by bad weather (mist, rain, snow) or darkness is a major hazard.

2. Snow and ice can make a simple path a very dangerous one, especially if there is a steep drop off near by.

3. Rock fall is a common mishap during heavy snow and rain.

4. Lightning can cause a major problem at some places.

5. Flash floods due to storm might be risky.

6. A mountaineer cannot ignore rain and wind. Rain makes the path towards upward climbing slippery and a strong wind can cause loss of balance of a mountaineer, making climbing impossible.

7. Hypothermia, that is, lowering of the body’s natural temperature to 32° C due to wet clothing and heat loss because of strong wind, can be a big hindrance. If it is not treated immediately, severe hypothermia may occur leading to fatalities. 

8. Heat exhaustion and dehydration are very common problems because of difficult physical work. 

9. Timely care should be taken by pouring water on the victim to avoid heatstroke. The patient should be urgently given cold water mixed with a small amount of salt and sugar to refresh him.

(i) I was not afraid to die that day.

(ii) Tenzing and Hillary made a pact in the office of PM of Nepal.

(iii) I had to bring my ice axe down with me.

(iv) Tenzing had spent a night at Camp Eight.

(v) A pact was signed between Tenzing and Hillary.

(vi) Hillarv and I were in no mood for any talking.

Reference: This is the opening stanza of the poem ‘The Palanquin Bearers’ composed by Sarojini Naidu. 

Context: In these lines the poetess describes how the ordinary people are satisfied with their ordinary work. They work hard and get joy in it. This poem is about the four men who are carrying a palanquin and singing a song with joy 

Explanation : The palanquin bearers are carrying a palanquin very softly. They are singing a song very joyfully. When the four palanquin bearers sing, it moves gently like a flower moving in the wind. It moves to and fro as a bird moves on the foam of a river. It smiles like a child in dream. Thus the palanquin bearers are very happy. Simile used in every line makes the poem sweet and simple.

The village people sitting quietly on the back benches were old Hauser, the former mayor, the former postmaster and several others. They were looking very sad upon knowing about the German order.

पिछली बेंचों पर शांतिपूर्वक बैठे हुए गाँव के लोग थे बूढ़ा हौजर, भूतपूर्व मेयर, भूतपूर्व पोस्टमास्टर तथा दूसरे अन्य। वे जर्मन आदेश के बारे में जानने के बाद बहुत दुखी दिखाई दे रहे थे।

1. The father is returning late in the day. 

2. He has to stand the entire trip home. 

3. He is in wet clothes for a long time till he can reach home. 

4. His sight is weak with age. 

5. His cheap footwear is muddy and maybe inconvenient in the monsoon.

My Mother 

If anyone cannot believe angels walk on the earth they should come and meet my mother. My mother is the most affectionate and gentle human I have ever met. She has never spoken a harsh word to anyone as far as I recall. She is so very concerned for the comfort of every other person that she neglects herself.

She looks after her father-in-law who is in his eighties. He is a great scholar and gets many visitors. She attends cheerfully to them all apart from looking after us. My father, my sister and I help out with as much of the household chores as we can.

But the main load of running the home falls on her. She takes care of that responsibility so cheerfully as if it is very light. She is loving and jovial with our friends when my sister and I invite them home, She advises us not to overspend but always has a tasty meal when friends and relatives gather for a festival meal.

My father does not make any important decisions in my mother’s absence. She discusses everything till they arrive at the most suitable decision. Our grandfather will not eat anything which my mother has not made. After my grandmother passed, he relies on ‘Saru’ my mother, for his diet meals, medicine, his reference books, walking stick, shawl and everything to be in their place. 

My mother is our world.

The old men of the village were sorry that they had not gone to school in their life. They also wanted to thank M. Hamel for his selfless service of forty years and show their respect for their country which did not belong to them now. So they were attending the school that day.

Usually, when school begins there was a great bustle which could be heard out in the street – the opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in unison, very loud, and the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the table.

SIDBI offers the following finance facilities to its customers:

1. Direct Finance : SIDBI offers direct financing to the MSMEs through financing Working Capital, Term Loan, Foreign Currency Loan, Equity Support, Energy Saving Schemes etc. 

2. Indirect Finance : SIDBI offers indirect assistance by providing refinance to banks, State Level Financial Institutions, etc. with an extensive branch network across the country. 

3. Micro Finance : SIDBI offers microfinance to small businessmen and entrepreneurs for establishing their business.

Four illustrations of capital reserve are as under:

1. Profit on sale of fixed assets and investments.
2. Profit on revaluation of fixed assets.
3. Premium received by the company on issue of shares or debentures.
4. Profit prior to incorporation of the company.

• The company instead of preparing a fresh prospectus for every issue prepares a shelf prospectus.
• Shelf Prospectus can be used for all issues made by the company for up to one year.
• An Information Memorandum has to be filed with ROC every time during the validity period of one year of the shelf prospectus.
• Information Memorandum contains latest material facts such as new charges, changes in financial position, etc.

No, the school is not closing down whereas a German teacher is going to take the place of M. Hamel who teaches French in that school.

During the France Prussian war 1870-1871.

On special occasions, M. Hamel dressed up in his beautiful green coat, frilled shirt and a little black embroidered silk cap.

Buying shares is the common way of becoming a member of a company.

The main aim of ‘MUDRA’ an associate of SIDBI is “funding the unfunded” micro enterprises in the country.

(i) MSME’s

(ii) March 17th, 2016

(iii) Udyami Mitra

Firms need finance to start business, to run business effectively and to expand business.

One of the themes in the poem is harmony or balance. The poet does not directly call her beautiful, but she ‘walks in beauty’. The overall beauty is compared to a combination of cloudless (clear) climate and starry skies. He says the best of dark and light meet in her eyes and features, to be seen in the soft, dim light. The effect would not be so wonderful if it was even one shade darker or brighter. That balance of the light is important.

The poet says that her calm brow, sweet smile, the lovely colour of her skin, is the result of a peaceful mind, a loving heart and a pure life. Inner beauty is reflected in this ‘nameless grace’ – indescribable beauty.

(a) Flowers – Tuberoses are woven into wreaths to be placed on the body of a departed as a mark of love and respect. Sole: Most of the textual ‘Wh’ questions are converted to Activity Format.

(b) River: The people believe the river has a soul. They respect their rivers and even revere it as divine as its waters are immortal. 

(c) Bamboo: The poet says ‘in the cool bamboo’. The colour is a cool green. The place where the bamboo grows is also cool. 

(d) East: The direction of sunrise is very important for the people of Arunachal Pradesh. They ensure the dead are placed pointing west so that their soul directly enters the golden house of the sun. They believe that finally souls must attain the sun’s abode in the east.

Cooperation without coordination may lead to wasted efforts and coordination without cooperation may lead to dissatisfaction among employees.

Coordination ensures unity of action.

Correct option is B. Simile

“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.”- Harold Koontz 

Management is creating the internal environment of an enterprise where individuals working together in groups can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals.

C. Exaggeration

B. Alliteration

Objectives of management 

• Getting maximum result with minimum efforts. The main objectives of management is to secure the maximum output with minimum efforts and resources .Management is basically concerned with utilizing the human and material recourses available to an enterprise for deriving their best result .this leads to reduction in the cost of production 
• Increasing efficiency of factors of production like capital and labour ,management leads to avoidance of wastage of time, money and efforts .this leads to increase in the productivity of all factors of production and, thus encourages the growth of an enterprise.

The features of management that do not establish it as a profession are:

1. Restricted entry: The entry to a profession is restricted through a prescribed qualification. But there is no restriction on anyone being appointed as a manager in any business enterprise.

2. Professional association: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry, grants certificate of practice. There is no compulsion for managers to be members of such an association.

3. Ethical code of conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. AIMA has devised a code of conduct for Indian managers but there is no statutory backing for this code.

4. Service motive: The motive of a profession is to serve their client’s interests by rendering dedicated and committed service. The basic purpose of management is to help the organisation achieve its stated goal which may be profit maximization. However, profit maximization as the objective of management does not hold true and is fast changing. So, presently this feature of profession is not fully present in management.

It refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organisation.

This statement is wrong. Although management can be called science but not as an exact or pure science like Physics or Chemistry. It is important to apply the characteristics of science to management in order to find out whether management is a science or not.

Following are the main points:

i. Systematised Body of Knowledge: It is necessary for science to be a systematised body of knowledge. Management is also a systematised body of knowledge because it has its own theory and principles which are developed by the management experts after years of research.

ii. Principles Based on Experimentation: After applying this characteristic of science to management, we find that development of management took years for the collection of facts, their analysis and experiments. In other words, management came into existence because of the continuous and encouraging labour of the theorists and various people concerned.

iii. Universal Validity: Scientific principles are based on truth and they can be applied at every time and in every situation. Thus, its universal application is possible. In the field of management too, managerial knowledge and principles of management are considered to be based on truth and they, too, can be applied anywhere and in every situation. But the principles of management are not as exact as the principles of science as their application may not yield the desired results always.

Conclusion: The subject matter of management is ‘Human Being’ who is an intelligent and sensitive being and whose behaviour or conduct changes according to the changing situations. Therefore, no permanent principles like the principles of physics and chemistry can be enunciated in relation to his conduct or behaviour. Clearly the science of management cannot be called a natural or pure science but it should be described as an Applied Science or Inexact Science.

Applied science.

Meaning of Management: It refers to the process of conducting a set of functions (planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling) to get the work done in an efficient and effective manner.

The Features that establish Management as a Social Science:

i. Principles based on observation and experimentation: Like science, management principles are derived through observation and repeated experimentation. However since management deals with human beings the outcome of these experiments are not capable of being accurately predicted.

ii. Universal validity: Scientific principles are based on truth and they can be applied at every time and in every situation. Thus, its universal application is possible. In the field of management too, managerial knowledge and principles of management are considered to be based on truth and they, too, can be applied anywhere and in every situation. But the principles of management are not as exact as the principles of science as they can be modified according to a given situation.

So, this feature of science is not fully present in management.

Therefore, management is considered a social science instead of perfect science.

It refers to filling and keeping filled the posts with people.

i. IIM, Ahmedabad.

ii. IIM, Bengaluru.

It refers to the practical application of existing knowledge skilfully.

It refers to harmonious adjustment of various elements to achieve common objectives.