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(c) the bud is to Bryophyllum leaf.

Fruit may be classified into three major groups

1. Simple fruits: Simple fruits develop from a single matured ovary in a single flower. Accessory fruits have some other flower part united with the ovary.
   Example: Mango, Wheat, etc.
2. Aggregate fruits: Aggregate fruits consist of a number of matured overies formed in a single flower and arranged over the surface of a single receptacle. Individual ovaries are called fruitlets.
   Example: Strawberry.
3. Multiple fruits: Multiple fruits consist of the matured ovaries of several to many flowers more or less united into mass. Multiple fruits are almost invariably accessory fruits.
   Example: Mulberry.

Correct option: (b) Annales

(c) one to many ovules

Scars on the potato are called its eyes. New potato plants grow from these eyes.

• At the dawn of the twentieth century, the writing of history got a new direction.
• Along with political events, kings, great leaders, the study of climate, local people, agriculture, trade, technology, means of communication, social divisions and their collective psychology of a group was also considered important in the study of history.
• This new school of thought is known as Annales School. Annales School was started by French historians.

• According to Michel Foucault, the prevailing method of arranging historical events in a chronological order was not right.
• He threw light on the fact that archaeology does not strive to reach the ultimate historical truth.
• It attempts to explain various transitions in the past.
• Foucault gave more importance for explaining the transitions in history. Hence, his method is called ‘the archaeology of knowledge’.

(i) Plants are obtained from seeds

(iii) Fertilisation can occur only after pollination.

Rose plant is propagated through stem cutting.

Bisexual flower is Mustard.

The spores look like mesh cotton.

In this process, the stem of plant is cut diagonally and put in the soil. After sometime roots will grow in that cutting and new plant is grown. This process is known as cutting.

Initially, there was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing. Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on inclusion of women perspective in historiography.

She emphasised on the inclusion of women in the process of writing history.

She insisted on rethinking of the male dominated perspective of history.

Because of her efforts historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of women’s lives their employment, their role in trade unions, institution working for their cause, and their family life.

Sexual reproduction in plants: 

1. New plants are obtained from seeds. 

2. Two parents are required to produced an individual. 

3. Takes place with the help of specialised sex cells. 

4. New individual has the characters of both the parents.

1. asexual reproduction
2. individuals, reproduction
3. Zygote
4. flower

They detach from parent yeast and grow individually.

(b) spore formation

Wrong pair: History is not about abstract ideas but about living people – René Descartes.

It refers to issues, principles and guidelines related to human interactions with their Environment.

Solution to environmental problems:

Reduce the waste matter and energy resources.

Recycle and reuse as many of our waste product And resources as possible. Avoid over exploitation of natural resources.

Minimse soil degradation and Protect the biodiversity of the earth. Reduce population and increase the economic growth our country.

Ethical guidelines on environmental protection:

1.The earth is the habitat of all living species and not of human beings alone.

2. Natural resources and energies are depleting fast. We must protect them.

3. Involve yourself in the care of the earth and experience nature.

4. Respect nature, you are a part of it.

5. Think of the global cause and act for local protection

6. Keep yourself informed about ecological changes and developments.

7. Observe austerity, reserve scarce resources for the future and the future generations.

8. We must be cooperative, honest, affectionate and polite to society and nature.

Human rights are the fundamental rights possessed by human beings irrespective caste, nationality, sex & language.

The aim of Govt. is to ensure happiness to the entire citizen with equal rights. Under the Indian constitution the following fundamental rights have been guaranteed to human beings.

Human rights to freedom Every citizen has the freedom to express his view freely. Citizen can assemble at any place to express their views. Freedom to form unions (or) associations. Freedom to slant any profession.

Indian Constitution Indian constitution provides for civil, social, cultural, educational and political rights.

Article 14 – equality before law.

Article -15 Prohibits discrimination on the ground of race, religion caste, sex (or) place of birth.

Article 16 Provides equal opportunity for all citizens in regarding to employment.

Article 19 Provides for freedom of speech and expression, forming association and union.

Article – 20 Protection from connection except in accordance with the law of the land.

Article – 22 – lays down the rights of a person in custody.

Article – 24 – prohibits exploitation of labour children

Article – 25 – grantees freedom to profess, practice and propagate a religion of one’s choice.

Healthy person:- Physically fit person with out suffering any disease is called a healthy person.

Disease:- Harmful changes in the body’s condition by nutritional, biological, chemical (or) psychological factors are called diseases.

Preventive measures:

1.Always wash your hand before eating.

2.Cut short and clean your nails systematic.

3.Drinking chemically treated and filtered water.

4.Eat food always in hot condition.

5.Wash the vegetables and fruits a with clean water before cooking.

6.Avoid plastic containers and Al vessels.

7.Do physical exercise to have proper blood circulation

Results from the difference between the rate of birth and death.

Causes:

1. Due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate.

2. Availability of antibiotics, immunization increased food production, clean water and air, decreases the famine related deaths and infant mortality.

3. The poverty and illiteracy lead controlled growth of population.

4. Child Marriages

5. People’s superstitions. People believe that it is because of God’s grace.

The enormous increase in population due to low death rate and high birth rate is called as population expansion.

Cause of population explosion:

1.Invention modern medical facilities, reduces the death rate and increases birth rate, which leads to population explosion.

2.Increase of life expectancy is another important reason for population explosion. Eg:- In 1956, the average life expectancy of the human beings was 40 years. But now it is 61 years.

3.Illiteracy is one of the reasons for the population explosion.

Yeast reproduces by budding.

Green house gases in the atmosphere are transparent to light but absorb IR radiation. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate the atmosphere and are absorbed by the earth surface. This sunlight is radiated back as IR which is absorbed by gases. As a result the earth surface and lower atmosphere becomes warm. This is called global warming.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING:

1.Sea level increases as result of melting and thermal expansion of ocean.

2.Many plants and animal species will have a problem of adapting. Many will be at the risk of extinction, more towering verities will thrive.

3.As the earth becomes warmer the floods and drought becomes more frequent. There would be increase in water-borne diseases.

MEASURES TO CHECK GLOBAL WARMING:

1. CO2 emission can be cut by reducing the use of fossil fuel.

2. Plant more trees.

3. Shifting from coal to natural gas.

4. Stabilize population growth.

5. Remove efficiently CO2 from smoke stocks.

6. Removal atmospheric CO2 by utilizing photo synthetic algae

Reproduction in plants without seeds is called Asexual Reproduction.

Population:- Group of individuals belonging to the same species which live in a given area at given time.

Population density:- Number of individuals of the population per unit area ® per unit volume.

Parameters effecting population:-

Birthrate (OR) Nationality:- Number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Death Rate (OR) Mortality:- Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year

Immigration:- It denotes the arrival of individuals from neighboring population.

Emigration:- It denotes the disposal of individuals from the original population to new areas.

Tamarind, drumsticks, mango, neem etc. reproduce through seeds.

When fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are burned, chemicals like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are produced. These chemicals react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other harmful pollutants like sulfates and nitrates. These acid pollutants spread upwards into the atmosphere, and are carried by air currents, to finally return to the ground in the form of acid rain, fog or snow.

Effects of acid rain:

Acid rain is known to cause widespread environmental damage.

1. Acid rain dissolves and washes away nutrients in the soil which are needed by plants. It can also dissolve naturally occurring toxic substances like aluminum and mercury, freeing them to pollute water or poison plants.

2. Acid rain that falls or flows as ground water to reach rivers, lakes and wetlands, causes the water in them to become acidic. This affects plant and animal life in aquatic ecosystems.

3. . Acid rain also has far reaching effects on wildlife. By adversely affecting one species, the entire food chain is disrupted, ultimately endangering the entire ecosystem.

4. Acid rain indirectly affects plants by removing nutrients from the soil in which they grow.

5. Acid rain and dry acid deposition damages buildings, automobiles, and other structures made of stone or metal.

Solutions:

The best way to stop the formation of acid rain is to reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. This can be achieved by using less energy from fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and industry. Switching to cleaner burning fuels is also a way out.

NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS AND HOLOCAUST

nergy released—during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy. Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion are used to prepare nuclear energy. During nuclear accidents large amount of energy and radioactive products are released into the atmosphere.

Types of nuclear accidents :-

Nuclear Test- Nuclear explosions –release radioactive particles and radioactive rays into the atmosphere

Nuclear power plant accidents: Nuclear power plants located in seismic vulnerable area may cause nuclear accidents which releases radiation.

Improper disposal of radioactive wastes: Drums with radioactive wastes, stored underground rust and leak radioactive wastes into water, land and air.

Effects of nuclear radiation

1. Radiation affects DNA in cells.

2. Exposure to low dose of radiation (100to 250 rds ) people suffer from fatigue, vomiting ,and loss of hair.

3. Exposer to high radation (400- 500 rds ) affect bone marrow ,blood cells , natural resistance fail of blood clot.

4. Exposure to very high dose of radiation (10000rds ) kills organisms by damaging the tissues of heart and brain.

Nuclear Holocaust : 

Destruction of Biodiversity by nuclear equipments and nuclear bombs is called nuclear holocaust.

Effects of nuclear holocaust.

Nuclear winter, Nuclear bombardment will cause combustion of wood , plastics , forests etc.

PUBLIC AWARENESS

In order to conserve our environment each and every one must be aware about our environment problems and objectives of various environmental policies at natural and local level.

Objectives of public awareness:

1.To create awareness among rural and city people about ecological Imbalance, local environment and technological development.

2 To organize meetings, tree plantation programs, group discussion on development, exhibitions.

3.To focus on current environment problems and situations.

4.To train our planners, decision makers, politicians and administrators.

5.To eliminate poverty by providing employment that over comes the basic environmental issues.

METHODS TO CREATE ENVIRONMNTAL AWARENES:

1. Environmental education must be imparted to the students in schools and colleges.

2. Media like TV Radio and cable net work can educate the people on environmental issues through Cartoons, documentaries, street plays.

3. Cinema about environmental education should be prepared and screened in theatres compulsorily .This films may be released with tax free to attract the public.

4. All the news papers and magazines must publish the environment related problems.

5. Special audio visual and slide shows should be arranged in public places.

6. Voluntary organizations like NCC, NSS, and ROTRACT Club should be effectively utilized for creating environmental awareness.

7. Arranging competitions like story and essay writing painting competition on environmental issues for student as well as public. Attreactive prizes should be awarded for the best effort.

Water (prevention and control of pollution ) Act.1974

This act provides for maintaining and restoring the sources of water. It also provide for preventing and controlling water pollution.

Features of water act.

1.This act aims to protect the water from all kind of pollution and to preserve the quality of water in all aquifers.

2.The act further provides for the establishment of central board and state boards For prevention of water pollution.

3. The states are empowered to restrain any person from discharging a pollutant (or) sewage or) effluent into any water body with out the consent of the board.

4.The act is not clear about the definition of pollutant, discharge of pollutant Toxic pollutant.

State pollution control board

The consent of this board is needed

1. To establish any industry or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or addition which likely discharge Or trade effluent into a stream or well or river or on land.

2. To use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage.

3. To begin to make any new discharge of sewage. Act also empowers the state board to order closure or stoppage of supply of Electricity, water or any other service to the polluting unit.

AIR PREVENTION ACT 1981

This act was enacted in the conference held at Stock Holm. It envisages the establishments Of central and State control boards to monitor air quality and pollution control.

Important features:

1.The central board may lay down the standards for quality of air.

2.The central board co-ordinates and settle the disputes between state boards.

3.The central board provides technical assistance and guidance to state boards.

4.The state boards are empowered to lay down the standards for emission of air pollutants from industries or other resources.

5.The state boards are to examine the manufacturing processes and control equipment for for the prescribed standards.

6.The direction of central board is mandatory on state boards.

7.With out the consent of the central board operation of an industrial unit is prohibited in heavily polluted area.

8.Violation of law is punishable with imprisonment for three months or fine of Rs 10000 or both. This act applies to all pollution industries. This act empowers the state board to order closure of any industrial unit or stoppage of water supply or stoppage of electricity

Mendel concluded from his experiment that the factors which is responsible for a particular structural and physiological characteristics of the organism are present in pairs which now a days called genes. Mendel performed hybridisation experiment in pea plant with reference to the following seven pairs of contrasting characters.

(d) vegetative propagation

Ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on oxygen. It forms a layer 20 to 50kms above the surface of the earth. This action takes place naturally in the atmosphere, but is very slow. The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, preventing it from reaching the earth’s surface. This layer in the atmosphere protects life on earth from the dangerous UV radiation from the sun. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, which were used as refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants, posed a threat to the ozone layer.

The destruction of the ozone layer is seen to cause increased cases of skin cancer and cataracts. It also causes damage to certain crops and to plankton, thus affecting nature’s food chains and food webs. This in turn causes an increase in carbon dioxide due to the decrease in vegetation.

An ovary of a flower may contain one or more ovules.

A flower is a reproductive part of a plant. It helps in sexual reproduction as it has male parts and female parts. A fully opened flower has the following parts: 

Stalk—A flower is attached to the shoot by means of stalk or pedicel stalk. The tip of the stalk is swollen or flattened. This is called torus or thalamus or receptacle. The different parts of a flower are inserted on the thalamus. There are usually four whorls as 

Calyx (Sepals) 

Corolla (Petals) 

Androecium (stamens) 

Gynoecium (Carpels) Present on the thalamus 

1. Sepals (Calyx): These are the outermost part of the flower. These are leaf like and green in colour. This is the outer covering of the flower and form outer whorl in a flower. The Calyx (sepals) enclose the inner parts of the flower when it is a bud. It is protective in function. 

2. Corolla (Petals): Petals form the second whorl inner to the sepals. These are usually coloured, gaudy, or white in colour and scented and give sweet smell. The value of a flower is due to the attractive colour of the petals. These attract the insects for pollination. 

3. Stamens (Androecium): The third whorls inner to the petals are stamens. This third whorl is called Androecium. These are the male parts of the flower. Each stamen is formed of a long narrow, hair like structure called filament. On its tip it bears, a rounded broad sac like structure called anther. Each anther has two anther lobes. Each anther lobe has two pollen sacs which have powdery mass called pollen grains. 

4. Carpels (Gynoecium): Carpels are the inner most or fourth whorl in a flower. It is lodged on the thalamus and forms the female part of a flower. This whorl of carpels is called gynoecium. Each carpel or pistil has three parts. 

(a) The lower most, swollen part is ovary. It is attached to the thalamus. 

(b) The middle part is style which is narrow, thread like. 

(c) Stigma: The style ends in a knob like, rounded structure which is sticky in nature to receive the pollen grains. The ovaries contain ovules which later turn into seeds after fertilization and the ovary wall forms the fruit sometimes the thalamus also becomes a part of the fruit as in apple.

Correct Answer is : (d) haploid.

If cells, tissues and organs in the body get permanently damaged or lost due to genetic condition or disease or injury, it can be cured by regeneration process of stem cell. In stem cell therapy, stem cells are used to replace the damage of lost cells

The superiority of the hybrid, obtained by cross-breeding is called heterosis or hybrid vigour

Effects of hybrid vigour in animal breeding:

• Increased production of milk by cattle.
• Increased production of an egg by poultry.
• High quality of meat is produced.
• The increased growth rate in domesticated animals.

Outbreeding Inbreeding.

Correct Answer is : (d) History

The word Geography has been derived from the Greek word Geographia, ‘Geo’ means ‘earth’ and ‘graphy’ means ‘description’. Thus, the meaning of the word geography is the description of the earth.

Organized and sensitive scientific studies of various aspects of geography and earth’s surface started to be done under geography after 1975, resulting in the continuous evolution of humanistic perspectives in geography. Since 1990, the use of geographic knowledge in the study of social, cultural, economic, political sectors and public policies has started to gain momentum. This made geography more practical and useful for the society. It is currently known as human welfare geography.

Geography is a comprehensive and great science that studies all the abiotic and biotic components and their interpersonal processes. Physical geography and human geography, 

In which the following differences are found:

Geography is studied because we live on the earth’s sin – face. Our life is influenced by the environment around us. We depend on the surrounding resources to make a living and we know that there is a diversification in the natural resource base, technical development, adaptation and refinement that has an inherent relation with physical environment, social organization and cultural development. To study all this, study of geography becomes necessary.

The earth’s spherical surface is surrounded by a thick of air, this is called the atmosphere. This atmosphere.is necessary for all atmospheric phenomena and life activities on the ground. All this is studied under climatology. The various layers of the atmosphere are important, useful and basic resource for envelope.

The atmosphere is also a Very variable component in context to other components of physical geography. Under this weather conditions, atmospheric long – term and short – term conditions are included. Under these atmospheric phenomena, the structure of the atmosphere, height, temperature, air pressure, speed of winds, direction and origin of winds variations of humidity, air pollution, the climate of the world, cloudiness, rain, etc. are included.