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Some workmen were behind the barricades. Gauri, the cow, walked towards them. They got furious saying, “People send the cow instead of coming to help us.

“कुछ मजदूर सुरक्षा दीवार के पीछे थे। गौरी उनकी तरफ आई। वे यह कहते हुए गुस्सा हो गये कि लोगों ने हमारी मदद के लिये आने के बजाए एक गाय को भेज दिया है।”

In order to keep Gauri’s sacrifice fresh in the people’s mind forever, Seth Jamnalal Dwarka Chand erected a metal statue of Gauri at the spot she was killed. People offered Gauri flowers, honey, fruits, sweets and first green grass of spring. Hawkers cried at railway station, selling the toy model of Gauri.

गौरी के बलिदान को लोगों के दिलों में हमेशा के लिये ताजा रखने के प्रयोजन से सेठ जमनालाल द्वारका चंद ने गौरी के मृत्यु स्थल पर उसकी धातु की मूर्ति स्थापित की। लोग गौरी को फूल, शहद, मिठाइयां और बसन्त की पहली हरी घास अर्पित करते। रेलवे स्टेशन पर फेरी वाले गौरी की मूर्ति के खिलौना बेचते।

People did not take back the untouched offerings. They threw it into the river water to be eaten by fishes.

नहीं छुए गये चढावे को लोग वापस नहीं ले जाते। वे इसे मछलियों द्वारा खाने के लिये नदी के पानी में फेंक देते।

People had a deep faith for Gauri in their hearts. That day when Gauri was moving towards the barricades, her head was gently bent and her ears were pressed back. She was looking like someone going to the temple with fruits and flowers to offer to the goddess. Gauri walked on but she neither shuddered nor ran towards the barricades.

गौरी के प्रति लोगों के मन में गहरी आस्था थी। एक दिन गौरी सुरक्षा दीवार की तरफ अपना सिर हल्के से झुकाये हुए और अपने कानों को पीछे की तरफ चिपकाए हुए चली जा रही थी। वह ऐसी लगी मानो कोई मंदिर में देवी को फल व पुष्प अर्पित करने जा रहा हो। गौरी सुरक्षा दीवार की तरफ बढ़ती गई। वह न तो थरथराई और न ही सुरक्षा दीवार की ओर दौड़ी।

After buying two houses on either side of barricades, Seth Jamnalal Dwarkachand cut a loop road through the two houses and in the middle he erected a metal statue of Gauri.

दीवार के दोनों तरफ दो घर खरीदने के बाद सेठ जमनालाल द्वारकाचंद ने उन दो घरों के बीच घेरेनुमा सडक बनवाई और बीच में उन्होंने गौरी की एक धातु की मूर्ति स्थापित की।

Gauri, unlike other cows was never caught by any shopkeeper eating grams, nor was she found huddled in the cattlepond as stray cows do.

दूसरी गायों की तरह उसे कभी किसी दुकानदार ने चनों पर मुंह मारते नहीं पकड़ा था और ना ही वह किसी पोखर में दूसरी गायों के साथ सिमटकर बैठी हुई देखी गई।

Gauri stood there and nibbled at the master’s hair. Shaking her head, she ambled round the master and disappeared among the bushes.

गौरी वहां खड़ी रहकर मालिक के बालों को कुतरती। सिर हिलाती हुई वह मालिक के चारों ओर परिक्रमा करती और झाड़ियों में जाकर ओझल हो जाती।

Most of the people in the city were peace loving, but some people had no faith in non violence. Gauri felt dejected about it and even slied a tear. The Master was forced to resign because the workers wanted to fight. They refused to be non-violent. Both the parties were set for the showdown-the military on one side, the people armed with picks, scythes, crowbars and even stolen rifles on the other side of the barricades. Gauri came at last and everyone expected her to save the situation. She was greeted with chants of ‘Vande Mataram’. The soldiers were puzzled wondering if it was a flag of truce. It is the main turning point in the story.

नगर के ज्यादातर लोग शान्तिप्रिय थे, किन्तु कुछ लोग अहिंसा में विश्वास नहीं करते थे। गौरी को दु:ख होता और वह आंसू भी बहाती। मालिक को पद त्याग हेतु मजबूर होना पड़ा क्योंकि मजदूर लड़ाई करना चाहते थे और अहिंसक होने से इंकार करते थे। निर्णायक बल परीक्षा हेतु दोनों पक्ष स्थापित हो गये- गौरे सैनिक एक तरफ.और सुरक्षा दीवारों के दूसरी तरफ गेंतियां, दरातियां, सब्बले और चुराई हुई राइफलों से सज्जित लोग अंत में गौरी आई और हर कोई उससे आश्वस्त था कि वह स्थिति को बचाव कर लेगी। ‘वन्देमातरम्’ के नारों से उसका अभिवादन किया गया। सैनिक चकरा गये कि कहीं यह समझौते की पताका तो नहीं। यह कहानी में मुख्य निर्णायक क्षण है !

This story clearly shows that people can easily be led in any direction, if they are not literate. They are not able to understand the realities and start thinking and acting as the majority of them do. The red man’s government thought to rule over India whatever be the cost. While the whole town was tense and full of barricades, Gauri walked along, surrounded by people, among whom some started worshipping her and begged her for peace and salvation. The chief of the red men fired a shot and Gauri died on the spot. A rich man built á metal statue of Gauri there and people started worshipping her. So people had wavering mental states between violence and non-violence.

यह कहानी स्पष्ट रूप से बताती है कि लोगं यदि शिक्षित नहीं है तो उन्हें किसी भी दिशा में आसानी से बहकाया जा सकता है। वे वास्तविकताओं को समझने में सक्षम नहीं होते और अधिकांश जैसा करते हैं वैसा ही सोचना वे करना शुरू कर देते हैं। गौरे लोगों की सरकार किसी भी कीमत पर भारत में शासन करना चाहती थी। पूरा शहर जब तनाव में था और सुरक्षा दीवारों से घिरा था तब लोगों से घिरी हुई गौरी आई। लोगों में से कुछ ने उसे पूजना शुरू कर दिया और उससे शांति एवं मोक्ष की याचना की। गोरे लोगों के मुखिया ने गोली चला दी जिससे गौरी की उसी स्थान पर मृत्यु हो गई। एक अमीर आदमी ने गौरी की धात्विक मूर्ति उस स्थान पर स्थापित कराई और लोग उसकी पूजा करने लगे। इस तरह वे हिंसा व अहिंसा के बीच भ्रामक मानसिक स्थिति में थे।

The sacred cow had very special qualities. Therefore, Gauri was treated with respect. She was a part of the ancient Indian tradition. Gauri died of a bullet fired by a British officer during the freedom riots. This probably saved the lives of many in the city. She was a martyr in the cause of the Indian freedom struggle.

वह पवित्र गाय विशेष गुणों से युक्त थी। इसलिये गौरी के साथ आदरपूर्ण व्यवहार किया गया। वह भारतीय परम्पराओं का एक हिस्सा थी। गौरी एक अंग्रेज अधिकारी की गोली से आजादी के दंगों के दौरान मारी गई थी। इससे शायद नगर के कई लोगों की जान बची थी। भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष के नाम पर वह एक शहीद थी।

The Master did not like conflict and bloodshed. When the Master saw that some workmen had brought picks, scythes, crowbars and rifles and a regular fighting army ready to face the British armies, he tried his best to stop them. But the workmen were determined to fight. So in deep despair the Master was forced to resign.

मालिक युद्ध व रक्तपात नहीं चाहता था। जब मालिक ने देखा कि कुछ मजदूर ब्रिटिश सेनाओं का सामना करने के लिये गेतियां, दरातियां, सब्बलें और राइफलें ले आये थे तथा उन्होंने नियमित लडाकू सेना तैयार कर ली थी तो उन्होंने उन्हें रोकने के भरसक प्रयास किये। किन्तु मजदूर युद्ध करने के लिये दृढ़ निश्चयी थे। इसलिये गहन निराशा में मलिक पद त्याग के लिए मजबूर हो गया।

Gauri used to come to the Master. People took the cow to be a strange creature, which used to disappear after paying a visit. Only the Master knew about the whereabouts of Gauri. Everybody liked, loved and respected Gauri. People thought her to be goddess Lakshmi. Different people came to her with various wishes to be granted and fulfilled. The story was written in thirties, when people were not much literate. They could be : led in any direction. People had blind beliefs. Gauri, in the story, has been pictured as a pious creature. At the same time her mysterious appearance and disappearance make the belief firmly fixed in the people’s mind.

गौरी मालिक से मिलने आया करती थी। लोगों ने गाय को विचित्र प्राणी के रूप में मान लिया जो कि मिलने के बाद गायब हो जाया करती थी। लोगों ने उसे लक्ष्मी नामक देवी माना। तरह-तरह के लोग अपनी अपनी मुरादों को स्वीकार कराने और पूरा करने के लिये उसके पास आते। कहानी तीसवें दशक में लिखी गई जब लोग अधिक पढ़े लिखे नहीं थे। उन्हें किसी भी दिशा में मोड़ा जा सकता था। लोग अन्ध-विश्वासी थे। कहानी में गौरी को एक पवित्र जीव के रूप में चित्रित किया गया है। वहीं गौरी का रहस्यमय तरीके से प्रकट व गायब होना इस विश्वास को लोगों के मन में मजबूती के साथ स्थाई कर देता है।

Gauri, the central figure of the story was found in different places at different times. Everybody liked, loved and respected Gauri as a sacred creature. People thought her to be goddess Lakshmi who helps both rich and poor. People come to her carrying various wishes to be granted and fulfilled – the students for good marks, girls for handsome husbands, windows for purity, childless for children and the like. Therefore every Tuesday there was a well prepared procession of men and women at the Master’s hermitage. But Gauri used to pass by them all like a holy lady among men.

कहानी का केन्द्रीय पात्र गोरी अलग-अलग समय पर विभिन्न स्थानों पर पाई जाती। पवित्र जीव होने के कारण प्रत्येक व्यक्ति उसे चाहता, प्यार करता व आदर देता था। लोग उसे अमीर व गरीब दोनों की सहायता करने वाली देवी लक्ष्मी मानते थे। विभिन्न प्रकार के लोग अपनी – अपनी मुरादें लेकर उसके पास स्वीकार कराने व पूरा करने के लिये आते थे- विद्यार्थी सफल होने के लिए, लड़कियां सुन्दर पतियों के लिये, विधवाएं पवित्रता के लिये, निस्संतान संतानों के लिये आते थे। इसलिए हर मंगलवार को मालिक की कुटिया पर सुसज्जित जुलूस बन जाता। किन्तु गौरी उन लोगों के पास होकर गुजर जाती मानो कोई पवित्र महिला लोगों के मध्य हो।

This story gives a picture of India’s struggle for independence under the inspiring leadership of M.K. Gandhi. In the story, the Master is none other than the Mahatma. Mahatma Gandhi is in the background and the master advising the people is his representative. Gauri, the cow is representing mother India.

यह कहानी आजादी के लिये महात्मा गाँधी के नेतृत्व में भारत के संघर्ष का चित्र प्रस्तुत करती है। कहानी में मालिक और कोई नहीं बल्कि महात्मा गांधी हैं। महात्मा गांधी पृष्ठ भूमि पर है, और लोगों को सलाह देने वाला मालिक उनका प्रतिनिधि है। गौरी नामक गाय भारत माता का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रही है।

Mansfield appears to be using symbolism utilizing atomospheric setting. Rosemary’s melancholy mood is highlighted after she is unable to buy the little box. There was a cold bitter taste in the air and the new-lighted lamps looked sad. In many ways this setting mirrors how Rosemary may feel about having to leave the shop without buying the little box. The flowers that Rosemary buys may also have symbolic importance. By telling the reader that Rosemary wanted many kinds of flowers and four bunches of roses, Mansfield may be further highlighting how different Rosemary is from other people (due to her wealth) and how extravagant she is.

‘मैन्सफील्ड वातावरण का उपयोग करके प्रतीकवाद का प्रयोग करती प्रतीत हो रही है। रोजमेरी के उदास भाव को दर्शाया गया है जब वह छोटा बॉक्स खरीदने में असमर्थ रहती है। हवा में ठण्डक और कटु स्वाद था और अभी-अभी जली हुई लाइटें उदास दिख रहीं थी। कई प्रकार से ऐसा वातावरण प्रतिबिंबित करता है कि रोजमेरी बिना बॉक्स खरीदे, दुकान छोड़ते समय कैसा महसूस कर रही होगी। फूल जो रोजमेरी खरीदती है उसका भी प्रतीकात्मक महत्व है। पाठकों को यह बताकर कि रोजमेरी अनेक प्रकार के फूल व गुलाब के चार गुच्छे खरीदती है, मैन्सफील्ड और आगे स्पष्ट करना चाहती हैं कि अमीर होने की वजह से रोजमेरी दूसरे लोगों से कितनी भिन्न है और वह कितनी खर्चीली भी है।

This story is set in the thirties of the 20th century when Gandhiji began his non violence movement against the British. The cow becomes symbolic of the synthesis between carrying on the traditions and yet adapting to the changing times. The image of the sacred cow and how people worship the animal becomes a repository of traditional values and when the cow is shot in the head by a British officer, thus saving several lives, it becomes a martyr in the cause of the Indian freedom struggle. The writer has given a realistic portrayal of India as well as the beliefs that people held.

यह कहानी बीसवीं शताब्दी के तीसवें दशक में स्थापित की गई जब गांधी जी ने अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ अपना अहिंसा आन्दोलन आरंभ किया था। गाय परम्पराओं का निर्वाह करने और समय परिवर्तन के अनुसार ढलने के बीच संयोजन का प्रतीक बन जाती है। पवित्र गाय की छवि और किस प्रकार लोग पशु की पूजा करते हैं, पारम्परारिक मूल्यों का द्योतक बन जाती है। जब अंग्रेज अधिकारी द्वारा गाय के सिर में गोली मारी जाती है तो वह भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के पवित्र उद्देश्य हेतु शहीद बन जाती है और कई लोगों के प्राण बचाती है। लेखक ने भारत का वास्तविक शब्द चित्रण किया है, साथ ही लोग जो विश्वास पालते थे उनका भी (शब्द चित्रण किया है)।

Correct Answer is: (b) three

Correct Answer is: (c) Herodotus

When the boy took Timothy out for walks the people in the street gave them a wide berth because by that time he was the size of a full grown retriever.

1. Nature`s our best teacher in life . The flora and fauna ,it`s diversity as great learning in it. By hunting them for sport or food is cruelty and thereby create imbalance in the ecosystem. 

2. I totally agree with this. When children are introduced to pets at an earlier age they are used to treating them with empathy and compassion. They take care of their hunger, thirst and other needs. They respect and love their furry friends and life in any form. 

3. The SPCA protects animals in danger and provides shelter for stray, orphaned animals. They offer pet care, treatment, medicines and prevent cruelty towards animals and deals with animal adoption

Timothy was most comfortable on the long sofa in the drawing room during the day which was his favourite place in the house. He slept at night in the cook’s quarters.

In the statement ‘I’ refers to the narrator of the story, Ruskin Bond. He thought so because the tiger had a crafty look in his glittering eyes crouched his body and crept closer to the author.Suddenly making a dash for his feet, he would roll over on his back and kick with delight, and pretend to bite his ankles . He began to like the narrator.

(i) Toto would tease and pull Timothy by the tail to entertain him. 

(ii) Toto climbed up the curtains when Timothy lost his temper.

Timothy had an air of superiority about him True.

Correct Answer is c) Total

c) Toto and mongrel

d) raw mutton and cod liver oil

Timothy would scrub his face with his paws exactly like a cat. He slept at night in the cook’s quarters and was delighted at being let out by him in the morning.

(i) False

(ii) True

(iii) True

(iv) False

Grandfather said “Good night” because it was already getting dark and maybe it was his last meeting. He still believed that the tiger was Timothy.

At first Timothy appeared to be quite afraid of the puppy and darted back with a spring if it came too near. He would make absurd dashes at it with his large forepaws and then retreat to a ridiculously safe distance and finally allowed the puppy to crawl on his back and rest there.

The reason was that (ii) a leopard in the next cage would constantly rush at Timothy.

Several factors can come into play to increase the possibility of poor health. 

Some are listed below:
1. Improper garbage management: Improper garbage management will give rise to dirty surroundings which will give a proper environment for the breeding of vectors. These in turn will increase the number of infectious diseases.

2. Lack of proper food: Proper food is one of the basic requirement for a healthy life. Lack of it will drastically affect the health of individuals.

3. Pollution of air, water and land: Pollution of air, water and has posed a serious threat for the wellbeing of the individuals.

4. Unhealthy social environment: We live in a society and as such the environment of the society has a major role in our life.

Moral and spiritual values are needed in the world today. The qualities of charity, mercy, understanding, tolerance and justice need to be developed.

Living in a large and well-furnished house is not important for individual health as what matters is cleanliness, good economic condition and social harmony.

Health implies a state of physical, mental and social well-being. For a person to be healthy several conditions are to be fulfilled.

Some of them are listed below:

1. The health of the individual depend on the surroundings that on live. The surrounding or our environment refers to the physical environment.

2. Human beings are social animals. The well-being of individual is as such heavily dependent on the society that one resides.

3. Public cleanliness also plays a role on individual health.

4. Good economic condition is directly related to the availability of proper food and as such is an important factor for individual health.

Almost every year, many new drugs are invented. These drugs increase the average span of life. As a result of this, the upper age group has become overcrowded.

(iii) Upper age group

Organisms which cause disease are called as infectious agents. They obtain nourishment from the host. e.g. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths. Bacteria cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, pimples and peptic ulcers. Common cold, influenza, dengue fever, SARS and AIDS are caused by virus. Fungi cause skin infections. Protozoa causes malaria, kala– azar and sleeping sickness. Helminth worms cause intestinal infections or elephantiasis.

Infectious diseases spread by different means. These are:

(i) Through air: 

An infected person when sneezes or coughs releases droplets containing germs. These droplets infect another healthy person through air and microbes enter a new body. Examples of such diseases are common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.

(ii) Through water: 

If the water source is polluted by the excreta of infectious persons having gut diseases and this water is used by other people they will be infected by diseases. For example, cholera, amoebiasis, hepatitis spread through water.

(iii) Through sexual contact :

Some diseases like AIDS and syphilis, etc., are transmitted by sexual contact. Other than this, AIDS virus also spread through blood, infected syringes, infected mother to her baby during pregnancy and through breast feeding.

(iv) Through vectors :

There are some animals which act as intermediaries or vectors for particular diseases. The vectors carry diseases from infected person to the healthy person. For example, mosquito-spread malaria-causing organism in humans, while sucking their blood.

Air-borne diseases can be transmitted easily in a overcrowded room. Thus, overcrowding should be avoided to prevent air-borne diseases.

Answer is (D) B and C

Infectious diseases (Communicable diseases):- are diseases which spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air, water, food, vectors, physical contact or sexual contact.

Eg:- common cold, chicken pox, mumps, measles, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS etc.

Non-infectious diseases (Non-communicable diseases):- are diseases which are not spread from an infected person to a healthy person. 

Eg:- beri beri, rickets, scurvy, night blindness, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure etc. 

Infectious diseases are spread through microbial organisms from an infected person to a healthy person. So they are also called communicable diseases. Microorganisms are transmitted through physical contact, air, water and vectors.

1) D 

2) A 

3) E 

4) B 

5) G

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of branching tubules that extends from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane of the cell. Attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are round particles called the ribosomes inside which proteins are synthesized.

These are the diseases transmitted through air. Microorganisms are transmitted in the form of droplet in the air. e.g. common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.

(a) Childhood risk 

There is now extensive evidence from many countries that conditions before birth and in early childhood influence health in adult life. For example, low birth weight is now known to be associated with increased rates of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and diabetes. 

(b) Risk accumulation 

Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease: the impact of risk factors increases over the life course. 

(c) Underlying determinants 

The underlying determinants of chronic diseases are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change – globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and the general policy environment. 

(d) Poverty 

Chronic diseases and poverty are interconnected in a vicious circle. At the same time, poverty and worsening of already existing poverty are caused by chronic diseases. The poor are more vulnerable for several reasons, including greater exposure to risks and decreased access to health services. 

(e) Psychosocial stress also plays a role.

Kala-azar is caused by Leishmania. The vector of the disease is sand flies.

Many more risk factors for chronic diseases have been identified, but they account for a smaller proportion of disease. Harmful alcohol use is an important contributor to the global burden of disease but its relationship to chronic disease is more complex. Other risk factors for chronic disease include infectious agents that are responsible for cervical and liver cancers, and some environmental factors, such as air pollution, which contribute to a range of chronic diseases including asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases.