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Gastrointestinal tract: 

In the gastrointestinal mucosa, certain ells are endocrine in function. These cells produce hormones which play vital role in digestive processes and flow of digestive juices.

1. Gastrin : This hormone stimulates gastric glands to produce gastric juice. 

2. Secretin : This hormone is responsible for secretion of pancreatic juice and bile from pancreas and liver. 

3. Cholecystokinin CCK/Pancreozymin PZ : This hormone stimulates gall bladder to release bile and stimulates the pancreas to release its enzymes. 

4. Entero-gastrone/Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) : It slows gastric contractions and inhibits the secretion of gastric juice.

The hormones of the Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract are: 

(i) Heart/Atrium : Atrial wall of human heart produces important peptide hormone called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). ANF reduces blood pressure. When the blood pressure is enhanced, some special c ells secrete ANF, that produces vasodilatory actions on the blood pressure. The blood vessels are dilated and blood pressure declines as a result. 

(ii) Kidney : Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney secrete a peptide hormone called erythropoietin. It stimulates erythropoiesis or formation of RBCs of blood. 

(iii) GI Tract : The endocrine cells found in various parts of gastro-intestinal tract (GI tract) secrete four peptide hormones gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) as well as gastric inhibitory peptide or GIP. 

(a) Gastrin : It acts on gastric glands. It stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsinogen. 

(b) Secretin : It acts on the exocrine pancreas. It stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions. 

(c) CCK : It acts on both pancreas and gall bladder. It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice respectively. 

(d) GIP: It suppresses gastric secretion and motility.

“Flightless bird” that is reared for commercial practice Emu

D) Shoe polish / creams making

(C) 2 – 3 years

Answer is (C) 5

(C) Phycocolloids

41.06 million of eggs are producing per year in our country.

C) Increase in the production of milk

Biogas can be produced by cattle waste.

Answer is (B) April

(D) Lactometer

Answer is (D) Chilka

Answer is (D) i & iv

A) Small girl like light, don’t make it dark

(C) Kangayam

A) Grow either traditional or hybrid varieties

(a) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect

Insertion and deletion of three bases or multiples of three bases cause frame-shift mutation because the reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards.

Insertion, deletion of three bases/one codon or multiple of three bases/multiple codon (hence one or more amino acid) (reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards).

Detailed answer:

Frame-shift mutations are caused by addition or deletion of nitrogenous bases in the DNA or mRNA. These mutations are so called because these shift the reading frame of codons from the site of change onwards. Deletion involves the loss of one or more nucleotides while addition or insertion involves the addition of one or more extra nucleotides in the DNA molecule resulting in shift in reading the frame of codons.

Wind power is an unlimited and less expensive source of power. New industries can be set up in isolated areas.

Uses:

• Irrigation in rural areas.
• Electricity is generated by windmills and is included in the grid system.

A conventional source of energy is Coal.

Following steps can be taken to save energy at home:

• Switch of TV, light and fan when not in use.
• Use pressure cooker for cooking
• Soak pulses for a long time before cooking
• Minimize the use of refrigerator.
• Minimize the use of airconditioner.

Non-conventional sources are:

• Solar power
• Wind power
• Tidal power
• Geothermal power
• Trees
• Urban Waste.
• Power from organic material.

Non-conventional sources of energy: Today non-conventional sources of energy include wind, tides, geothermal heat, biogas, farm and animal waste including human excreta. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible. They are inexpensive in nature.

These sources include the following:

1. Wind energy: It can be used for pumping water. It is used in irrigating farms in the countryside. Also, it can be used for generating electricity. It is estimated that wdnd alone can provide 2000 MW of electricity. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Orissa are better placed in regard to this energy. Areas with constant and high speed winds are suitable for the purpose.

2. Tidal energy: This is another inexhaustible and inexpensive source of energy. The Gulfs of Kutch and Cambay are ideally suited to develop electricity from the energy produced by high tides entering into narrow creeks.

3. Geo-thermal energy: India is not rich in this source. However, efforts are being made to utilize natural energy of the hot springs at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh. Energy so produced can be used for running cold storage plants.

4. Energy from urban waste: A pilot plant for demonstration purposes had already been set up in Delhi to treat solid municipal waste for conversion into energy. It produces nearly 4 MW energy every jmar. Sewage in cities is used for generating gas and electricity.

5. Biogas based power plants: Biogas, farm wastes, rice husk are being used to produce electricity.

6. Farm animal and human wastes (Urja Gram): By using biogas, animal, poultry wastes and human excreta, gobar gas plants are being set up in villages. The power so produced is used for cooking, lighting homes and streets and meeting irrigation needs of the village. The plants are being set up both at individual and community or village levels. Nearly 3 million smokeless chullahas are in operation. This saves nearly 2 million tonnes of firewood.

7. Solar Energy: It is the most abundant, cheapest and inexhaustible source of energy produced from sunlight. Solar cookers are used in cooking food. Solar power is being used for cooking, water heating, water desalination, space heating, crop drying. Solar energy is going to be the energy of the future.

Conventional energy sources have been in common use since a long time, while non-conventional energy sources have recently come into use.

Correct option is: (c) Pyramid of energy

There are four main sources of energy—coal, petroleum, hydroelectricity and atomic energy. Hydroelectricity has special importance as source of energy. It has the following advantages:

1. Coal and petroleum deposits will be exhausted sooner or later but the rivers will continue flowing for thousands of years and so long as the rivers flow there will be no dearth of hydroelectricity.
2. While producing hydroelectricity water is not lost. Hydroelectricity is produced by moving turbines with the help of fast-flowing water. The water is afterwards used for irrigation.
3. It is not easy to transport coal or petroleum from one place to another and it costs a lot but hydroelectricity can be taken hundreds of kilometres away by wires only.
4. Hydroelectricity is cheaper than coal or petroleum.

Correct option is: (a) Solar energy

Correct option is: (d) Bio-geo chemical cycle

Correct option is: (a) Tundra ecosystem

• Abiotic factors include non-living factors such as soil, water etc. and biotic factors include all living organisms.
• Both these abiotic and biotic ecosystems are connected through various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• These connections/interactions are important for the flow of matter and flow of energy.

Let the radius of the base and slant height of the cone be r and l respectively. The n;

c = curved surface = πrl = πr√(r² + h²) ....(i)

v = volume = 1/3πr²h ...(ii)

∴ 3πvh³ - c2h² + 9v² = 3π(1/3π²r²h)h² - π²r²(r² + h²)h² + 9(1/3πr²h)²  [Using (i) and (ii)]

= 2r²h⁴ − π²r²h² − π²r²h⁴ + π²r⁴h² = 0.

Answer: (a) = 0

C = πrl =  \(\pi r\sqrt{h^2+r^2}\)  and V =\(\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h\)    where, r and l are respectively the radius of the base and slant height of the cone.

∴  3πVh³ – C²h² + 9V² = 3π  × \(\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h\) ×h³ – π²r²(h²+r²)h² + 9 × \(\frac{1}{9}\pi^2 r^4 h^2\)  

 = π²r²h⁴ – π²r²(h²+r²)h² – π²r⁴h² = 0.

It is given that

Radius of the cylindrical bucket = 15cm

Height of the cylindrical bucket = 2cm

We know that

Volume of water in bucket = π r²h

By substituting the values

Volume of water in bucket = (22/7) × 15² × 20

So we get

Volume of water in bucket = 14142.8571 cm³

It is given that

Radius of spherical ball = 9cm

We know that

Volume of spherical ball = 4/3 πr³

By substituting the values

Volume of spherical ball = 4/3 × (22/7) × 9³

So we get

Volume of spherical ball = 3054.8571 cm³ ……. (1)

Consider h cm as the increase in water level

So we get

Volume of increased water level = π r²h

By substituting the values

Volume of increased water level = (22/7) × 15² × h …… (2)

By equating both the equations

3054.8571 = (22/7) × 15² × h

On further calculation

h = 3054.8571/ ((22/7) × 15²) = 4.32 cm

Therefore, the increase in the level of water is 4.32cm.

Given,

Internal diameter of hollow sphere = 4 cm

So, the internal radius of hollow sphere = 2 cm

External diameter of hollow sphere = 8 cm

So, the external radius of hollow sphere = 4 cm

We know that,

Volume of the hollow sphere 4/3 π × (4³ – 2³)          … (i)

Also given,

Diameter of the cone = 8 cm

So, the radius of the cone = 4 cm

Let the height of the cone be x cm

Volume of the cone 1/3 π × 4² × h          ….. (ii)

As the volume of the hollow sphere and cone are equal. We can equate equations (i) and (ii)

So, we get

4/3 π × (4³ – 2³) = 1/3 π × 4² × h

4 x (64 – 8) = 16 x h

h = 14

Therefore, the height of the cone so obtained will have a height of 14 cm.

भारत में महाद्वीपीय निमग्न तट में समुद्री धाराएं चलती हैं और यहां बड़ी-बड़ी नदियां मछलियों के लिए भोज्य पदार्थ लाकर जमा करती रहती हैं।

भारत के दो प्रमुख कपास उत्पादक राज्य गुजरात और महाराष्ट्र हैं।

देश के प्रमुख कपास उत्पादक राज्य हैं-महाराष्ट्र, गुजरात, पंजाब, सीमांध्र, तेलंगाना, हरियाणा, राजस्थान, कर्नाटक, मध्य प्रदेश तथा तमिलनाडु।

चावल उत्पादन में सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक राज्य पश्चिमी बंगाल है।

सही विकल्प है (A) पश्चिमी बंगाल

उत्तर प्रदेश भारत का सबसे बड़ा गेहूँ उत्पादक राज्य है।

The shape of pencil = cylinder.

Let the radius of base = r cm

Circumference of base = 1.5 cm

Circumference of circle is 2πr = 1.5 cm

r = 1.5/2π cm

According to the question,

Height, h = 25 cm

We know that,

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh

Curved surface area of pencil = 2π (1.5/2π) 25 = 37.5 cm²

1 cm = 0.1 dm

1 cm² = 0.01 dm²

37.5 cm² = 0.375 dm²

Cost for coloring 1 dm² = Rs. 0.05

Cost for coloring 0.375 dm² (i.e. 1 pencil) = Rs. 0.01875

Cost for coloring 120000 pencils = 120000 × 0.01875 = Rs. 2250

देश में सबसे अधिक पशुधन उत्तर प्रदेश में पाया जाता है।

बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या के कारण भारत में भूमि की मांग बढ़ रही है।

भारत में 51% भूमि कृषि योग्य है।

सही विकल्प है (A) सादा स्तंभाकृति

We have

Diameter of cylinder = 7 cm

⇒ Radius of cylinder, r = 7/2 = 3.5 cm

Height of the milk upto which it is filled in the glass, h = 12 cm

Then, volume of milk in cylindrical glass, V = πr²h

⇒ V = 22/7 × 3.5 × 3.5 × 12 = 462 cm³

This is the volume of milk in 1 cylindrical glass that serves just 1 student.

For 1600 students,

Volume of milk = 1600 × 462 cm³ = 739200 cm³

If 1 liter = 1000 cm³ that is, 1 cm³ = 0.001 liter

Then volume of milk for 1600 students = 739200 × 0.001 = 739.2 liter

Thus, 739.2 liters of milk is needed to serve 1600 students.

भारत पशुओं की दृष्टि से संसार में सबसे आगे है। यहां भैंस, गाय, बैल, भेड़, बकरी, ऊंट तथा घोड़ा आदि पशु पाये जाते हैं।

महत्त्व-

1. भारवाही पशु भारतीय किसान को कृषि कार्यों में सहायता देते हैं।
2. दुधारू पशुओं के दूध से किसान को अतिरिक्त आय प्राप्त होती है।
3. पशुओं का गोबर तथा मलमूत्र खाद का काम देते हैं।