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magnitude = 55 – 15 = 40

Cumulative frequency Series is that series in which the frequencies are continuously added cooresponding to each class interval in the series.

An open ended series is that series in which lower limit of the first class interval and the upper limit of last class interval is missing.

It is that series in which items cannot be exactly measured. The items assume a range of values and are placed within the range or limits.

The type of presentation where the frequencies are represented by adding the frequency of each previous class.

After the data has been collected either with the help of the sampling method or census method the work of its organisation starts. The organisation of data means a systematic arrangement of collected figures so that the data becomes easy to understand and more convenient for further statistical treatment. This systematic arrangement changes into a statistical series.

In common language the word ‘Population’ means the number of personal living in a certain region. We may find the population of certain animals in forests in a country or the population of certain plants in a garden and so on the term population implies ‘ head count ’.

However, in statistics, the data on any single variable, or a set of variables, for all individual units in a region, constitute the population of that variable, or variables.

1. Univariate:
If the data are on a single variable, the set of measurements constitutes a univariate population of that variable. We have a bivariate or multivariate population of the set variables. For example, we may have a univariate population of prices or a population of incomes, We may have a bivariate population of height and weights of all individuals in a region.

2. Multivariate:
A multivariate population of expenditure on various items of consumption of all households.

By identifying individuals and populations, we learn the following things

(i) Sex

(ii) Skin colour

(iii) Native place

(iv) Mother tongue

(v) Food habit

(vi) Religion

(vii) Caste

By identification of individuals/ populations, one can learn about their life: style, geographical habitation, culture, social and economic status, language, food (appetite), beliefs and their effect on other people/populations. 

Through identification of individuals and populations; we can learn about the native place, mother tongue, costumes, food habit, religion, caste, etc.

Univariate frequency distribution refers to a series of statistical data with one variable only like the data on income of the households of a particular region. 

Bivariate frequency distribution refers to a series of statistical data with two variables like the data on income as well as savings of the households.

Correct option: (D) Ernst Mayr

Concept of species was remodified as closely resembling and potentially interbreeding population by Ernst Mayr. Theophrastus first proposed the artificial system of classification. Darwin proposed the selection theory and Linnaeus gave the concept of morphospecies.

Differences between Crocodile and Alligator :

Correct option: (C) family

Correct option: (C) The name is given by Linnaeus

Correct option: (B) r – RNA

Correct option: (C) one genus.

A binomial nomenclature has two words/parts.

Correct option: (C) Protista

Correct option: (D) Animalia

Deuteromycetes are also called as imperfect fungi.

Correct option: (D) all of these

(c) i, ii and iii

Correct option: (D) study evolution

Correct option: (B) RNA

Correct option: (A) Lichens

Correct option: (B) multicellular

Some lichens contain anticarcinogenic property.

Correct option: (D) it can only multiply in the body of a host cell

Correct option: (D) 1969

R.H. Whittaker (1969), an American ecologist, divided all the organisms into five kingdoms.

Haeckel classified the organisms into three kingdoms.

Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system of classification.

Correct option: (A) single stranded RNA not enclosed by protein coat

Correct option: (B) unicellular eukaryotes

Correct option: (B) bacteria and cyanobacteria

Correct option: (C) Eukarya

Correct option: (A) Carl Linnaeus

Correct option: (D) M. W. Beijerink

Correct option: (C) Virus

Correct option: (A) Theodor Diener

Correct option: (C) Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Correct option: (D) Kingdom and Class

Correct option: (A) Carl Woese

Correct option: (A) Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Correct option: (A) Order

(i) Species: 

(a) Species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus

(b) It is a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural condition to produce fertile offspring. 

(c) It was thought to be an indivisible, stable and static unit. 

(d) However, in the modem taxonomy, subdivision of species such as sub-species, varities and populations are seen and given more importance. 

(ii) Genus: 

(a) Genus is a taxonomic rank or category larger than species used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms. 

(b) Genus is a group of species bearing close resemblance to one another in their morphological characters but they do not interbreed.

(c) For e.g. Tiger, Leopard, Lion all three belong to same genus Panthera. They have common characters yet are different from each other because their genus is same but species is different. 

(d) Another example is genus Solarium. Brinjal and potato both belong to this genus. 

(iii) Family: 

(a) It is one of the major hierarchial taxonomic rank. 

(b) A family represents a group of closely related genera. 

(c) For e.g. genera like Hibiscus, Gossypium, Sida, Bombax are included in same family Malvaceae. 

(d) Although, there are many similarities between cat and dog, cat belongs to the family of leopards, tigers and lions, i.e. family Felidae and dog belongs to different family i.e. Canidae. 

(iv) Cohort/Order: 

(a) It is taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognised by nomenclature codes. 

(b) An order is a group of closely related families showing definite affinities.

(c) Members belonging to same order but different families may show very few dissimilarities. 

(d) For e.g. family Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, etc with parietal placentation are grouped in order Parietales. 

(e) Families of dogs and cats though are different, they belong to same order Carnivora. 

(v) Class: 

(a) The class is the distinct taxonomic rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name. 

(b) Class is the assemblage of closely allied orders. 

(c) For e.g. Orders Carnivora and order Primates belong to class Mammalia. Thus monkeys, gorillas, gibbons (Primates) and dogs, cats, tigers (Carnivora) belong to same class. 

(vi) Division/ Phylum: 

(a) The division is a category composed of related classes. 

(b) For e.g. division Angiospermae includes two classes Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae. 

(c) In animal classification, instead of division, the category Phylum is used. 

(vii) Sub-kingdom: 

(a) Different divisions having some similarities form sub-kingdom. 

(b) The divisions Angiospermae and Gymnospermae forms the subkingdom Phanerogams or Spermatophyta (all seed producing plants). 

(viii) Kingdom: 

(a) It is the highest taxonomic category composed of different subkingdoms. 

(b) For e.g. sub-kingdom Phanerogams and Cryptogams form the Plant kingdom or Plantae which includes all the plants, while all animals are included in kingdom Animalia.

Correct option: (D) taxonomy

Correct option: (C) Biological names can be written in any language

Correct option: (B) Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a branch of biology which deals with the study of principles and procedures of classification, nomenclature and identification.