Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is (d) Data collected by NSSO.

Some examples of primary data are as follows:

• The data of Population Census of India obtained by NSSO.
• The data on Indian agriculture obtained by IASR.
• The data of post graduate students obtained by Gujarat University.
• The financial data of India obtained by RBI.
• The data on Textile Industries of Gujarat obtained by ATIRA.

A set of observations on the attribute is called qualitative data. For example, the data of education level of workers of a factory.

Frequency Array refers to classification of data for a discrete variable. It classifies the data which is not a continuous one.

Correct option is (a) Income category

When the investigator selects samples on the basis of his intelligence and experience, then it is known as ideal sampling.

A Class limit contains both class limits as parts of class interval.

The data originally collected by any authorised agency or investigators for the first time is called primary data. For example, the data of Indian population collected by NSSO every ten years is primary data.

All the units from aggregates are selected and assigned a unique number which is written on separate cards balls and an unbiased person picks them one by one.

A set of observations on the numerical variable is called quantitative data. For example, the data on monthly wages of workers of a factory.

The data which is not organised or unclassified can be called as Raw Data.

Some surveys can be conducted through the use of mail questionnaire. Under this method, a list of questions pertaining to the enquiry is prepared and sent to various informants by post.

The questionnaire contains questions, and provide space for answers. A request is made to the informants through a covering letter to fill up questionnaire and send it back within a specified time.

Merits: 

1. The merit of this method is that it does not allow the influencing of the respondent by the interviewer.

2. Mailing costs are much lower than the costs of personal visits.

3. It allow the respondents to remain anonymous. 

4. It can reach all groups including those whose personal specialization is not possible.

Demerits:

1. This method can be adopted where the informants are literate people

 2. It includes some uncertainty about the response.

3. The informations supplied by the informants may not be correct.

No, the lottery method does not always give us a random sample because this method is based on chances.

There are two types of variables:

1. Continuous variables

2. Discrete variables

1. Continuous variables:

A continuous variable can be assume any numerical value. It may take integral values (1,2,3,4,5,6..) etc.,

2. Discrete variables:

A discrete variable can take only certain values. It jumps from one value to another and values are not continuous.

For example: Number of students in a class. Here students can be 50, 65,90,100 etc.,

Secondary data is that which has been collected earlier by an individual or institution and which has been published.

When the data are classified on the basis of certain characteristics like weight, height, income, age, production, marks etc., is called as quantitative classification.

Midpoints = \(\frac{uper\,limit\,+\,lower\,limit}{2}\)

When the data are classified on the basis of attributes or qualities is called as ‘qualitative classificatioan’

After making a plan for statistical research the collection of data is started.

The purpose of data collection is to provide information regarding a specific topic or a problem.

For selecting a random samples of 3 students out of 10 by random number tables we consult one digit random numbers and we will skip random numbers greater than the value 10 as it the largest social number. We have other 9 one digit numbers. Thus the 3 selected students out of 10 are with serial numbers 5,9,2.

The classification of data on the basis of geographical location such as countries, states, cities, districts etc., is known as spatial classification.

ex: Production of food grains in different states, literacy level in different districts of Karnataka.

CSO – Central Statistical Office.

(a) Primary data

The data originally collected from the students in playground regarding their playing habits is called primary data.

Primary data is called original data because the investigator collects this data is a new form right from the begining till the end.

Under this method we form classes in such a way that the lower limit of a class coincides with the upper class limit of the previous class.

Sample provide better results than surveys because

1. a sample can provide reasonably reliable and accurate information at a lower cost and shorter time.
2. as samples are smaller than population, more detailed information can be collected by conducting intensive enquiries.
3. sample need a smaller team of enumerators, it is easier to train them and supervise their work more effectively.

1. Ideal sampling 

2. Random sampling 

3. Stratified sampling

The divisions of CSO:

1. Industrial Statistics Wing

2. Manpower Research Division

3. Population Division.

By the method of filling questionnaire by the informants for collecting information.

(d) All of these

From the viewpoint of collection, data is of the following two types : 

1. Primary data 

2. Secondary data

While preparing the questionnaire the points should keep in mind are:

1. The questionnaire should not be too long

2. The number of questions should be as minimum as possible.

3. The series of questions should move from general to specific.

4. The questions should not be complex.

5. The question should not indicate alternatives to the answer.

1. Census Survey:

If data are collected for each and every unit of ‘universe or population’ it is called census or the method of complete enumeration.

2. Sample Survey:

Sample survey refers to the method in which data are collected about the samples or a group of items taken from the ‘universe.’

1. When it becomes difficult to survey the whole universe, sample survey method is used.

2. Sample survey has more advantages because it provides reliable and accurate information at a lower cost and in a shorter time.

3. They require less energy.

4. Sample survey needs small team of enumerators.

For the broad area of investigation.

(c) Through published and unpublished sources

There are no stipulated norms or set rules for preparing a good questionnaire. A well designed questionnaire is known as an ideal questionnaire. Some characteristics of an ideal questionnaire are as follows:

1. Title:
An appropriate title indicating towards the object or purpose of the research should be given to the questionnaire. It should be so chosen that the respondent does not get any suspicion or dilemma in his mind about the questionnaire or its purpose.

2. Number of questions:
The number of questions in the questionnaire should be sufficient and consistent with the purpose of the inquiry. The fewer number of questions have greater chance of getting better response from the respondent.

3. Order of questions:
The order of questions should be logical so that the respondent can answer the questions quickly and spontaneously without looking back and forth at the questionnaire for reference.

4. Language of questions:
The language of questions should be simple. It should not be ambiguous, elumsy and dual in meaning.

5. Length of questions:
Questions having answers YES / NO or multiple alternative should be asked. They should also be short and clear. Very long questions or answers create boredom among the respondents and hence it is possible that correct information may not be obtained.

6. Time:
Questions concerning remote past should be avoided. Questions leading to sharpening the memory should also be avoided.

7. Confidentiality:
Asking questions concerning the personal life of the respondent should be avoided. If such questions are unavoidable, they should be framed with caution and also a guarantee must be given that they will be kept confidential.

8. Trial:
After preparing the questionnaire, it should be executed on a trial basis to check how practical it is. If required, the questions should be changed to make the questionnaire perfect.

There are three basic ways of collecting data:

1. Personal interviews: 

This method is used when the researcher has access to all the members.

2. Mailing questionnaire:

When the data in a survey are collected by mail, the questionnaire is sent to each individual by mail with a request to complete and return it by given data.

3. Telephone interviews:

In a telephone interview the investigator asks questions over telephone. The advantage of telephone interview are that they are cheaper than personal interview, and can be conducted in a shorter time.

The published sources of secondary data include:

1. International publications.

2. Government Publications.

3. Reports of Commissions and Committees.

4. Semi-Government Publications.

5. Newspapers, Periodicals etc.,

Advantages: 

(a) Personal interview 

1. Highest response rate 

2. Allows use of all types of questions 

(b) Mailing questionnaire 

1. Least expensive 

2. Only method to reach remote areas 

3. No influence on respondents 

4. Maintains anonimity of respondent 

5. Best for sensitive questions 

(c) Telephones 

1. Relatively low cost 

2. Relatively less influence respondents 

3. Relatively high responserate.

Disadvantages: 

(a) Personal interview

• Most expensive
• Possibility of influence respondents

(b) Mailing questionnaire

• Cannot be used by illiterates
• Long response time
• Does not allow explanation of unambiguous questions
• Reactions cannot be watched.

(c) Telephones

• Limited use
• Reactions cannot be watched.
• Possibility of influencing respondents

1. Census 

2. Economic and social survey

Labour implies any physical or mental work which is done in exchange for currency. An act of attachment, love or mercy is not called Labour because this work is done without currency. Labour is an active means of origin and is an important source used in production work.

Secondary data.

In this method, enumerators themselves contact the respondents personally and getting response to the questions and fills the questionnaire. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are as follows:

Advantages:

• The complete, correct and more relevant imformation can be obtained from the respondents by enumerators.
• Enumerator can get proper information from the illiterate respondents providing proper explanations.
• Loss of questionnaire or receiving incomplete questionnaire do not arise because the enumerator collects the information personally.
• For the vast field under inquiry, accurate information can be obtained within stipulated period of time.
• Doubts arising in the minds of the respondents are resolved quickly on the spot because of the presence of enumerators.

Disadvantages:

• If the data is to be collected from a large area, large number of enumerators are to be employed resulting in higher cost.
• If expert numerators are not available for the inquiry, the task of training the appointed enumerators is not easy.
• To keep close watch on the work of enumerators, it is required to appoint supervisors. This would increase the cost.
• If the respondents are not educated, polite and sensible, it is likely that they may not cooperate with the enumerators and hide correct information from them.
• Since enumerators have to settle and also adjust the convenience of time with the respondent, more delay is likely to be caused.

The following are the main characteristics of labour as a factor of production :

1. Labour is directly connected with human efforts.
2. Labour is inseparable from labourer himself. It implies that the labourer embodies the services he performs. Labourer is the source of his own labour power.
3. Labour is perishable. It implies that the labourer cannot store his labour and so he has no reserve price for his labour. The labourer has, therefore to accept the wage offered to him.
4. The efficiency of labour differs from labourer to labourer. On the basis of efficiency, labour may be classified as unskilled labour, semi-skilled labour and skilled labour.
5. Labour has a weak bargaining power. It is because the labourer is economically weak, while the employer is economically powerful, although things have changed a lot in favour of labour during the 20th century.
6. All labours are not productive. All efforts are not sure to produce resources.
7. Labour is a moveable factor because labour can move from one job to another job or from one place to another place.

(a) Enumerator : The person who collects data by conducting an enquiry or an investigation is called enumerator. Often the enumerator is a trained person for field work.

(b) Investigator: The person who plans and conducts the statistical investigation independently or with the help of others is called investigator.

(c) Respondent: The person who answers/responds to the set of questions is called respondent.

(i) Capital Formation and Technological Progress : Capital accumulation makes possible technological progress of the economy. Different technologies require different types of capital goods. Therefore, when new, better and more efficient technology is invented, then it can be used for production, if this technique is suitable for capital goods, then it is according to that technique capital goods are formed. Therefore, no technical progress can be made without capital accumulation. If there is no capital accumulation, then various new inventions and discoveries will lie unused for production. Therefore, it is clear that capital accumulation promotes technological progress in the country and through this it accelerates the economic development of a country.

(ii) Capital Formation and Employment Generation : Another important role of capital formation is the creation of employment opportunities in the country. Capital formation creates employment in two phases. First of all, when capital is produced, then some workers are employed to create capital like machinery, factories, dams, irrigation works, etc. Secondly, more men will be employed, when capital is used to produce other goods. In other words, many workers have to be engaged in the production of goods with the help of machines, factories, etc. Therefore, one sees that the employment will increase because the economy of capital formation has increased.

Now, if population increases sharply as compared to the increase in capital stock, then, labour force cannot be employed in production work because they will not have enough equipment for employment. It is to reduce unemployment that the rate of capital formation should be kept high enough to increase employment opportunities by linking the work force of the country to production.