Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Bodos, Khasis, Mizos and Karbis.

The Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali hills and the Vindhya range. The Aravali hills lie to the west of the plateau and the Vindhya range lies to its south. The part of the peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. The Malwa plateau lies in Madhya Pradesh. It is composed of extensive lava flows. There are rolling plains separated by flat-topped hills. The plateau is largely broken in form of ravines near the Chambal Valley in its east.

(B) Northern hemisphere

1. The Himalayas are one of the loftiest and most rugged mountain systems of the world. The mountain ranges of the Himalayas run in a west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra, stretching along the entire northern boundary of India. Geologically they are young and structurally fold mountain system. 

2. The Himalayas consists of three sections comprising parallel ranges running from west to east. The northern-most section is known as the Greater or Inner Himalayas. On account of its permanent snow cover and glaciers the section is also termed as Himadri. It is the most continuous section. The average height of these ranges is 6000 metres. All the prominent and loftiest peaks of the Himalayas are located here. Some of prominent peaks are the Everest (8848 m) in Nepal, Kanchenjunga (8598 m in Sikkim), Nanga Parbat (in Kashmir), Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) and Namche Barwa (in Tibet, near Arunachal Pradesh) and Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal. 

3. To the south of Himadri lie the rugged ranges of the Lesser Himalayas or the Himachal. Their average width is 50 km. The average height ranges between 3700 and 4500 metres. The PirPanjal range, the DhaulaDhar and Mahabharat ranges are important ranges. The famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and the Kullu Valleys in Himachal are located in this range. 

4. The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks. They extend over a width of 10-50 km. They are discontinuous ranges. Their average height is between 900 and 1100 metres. They are composed of unconsolidated sediments, gravel and alluvium brought down by the rivers that rise in the northern ranges. Hence, they are the youngest section of the Himalayas.

5. Longitudinal valleys known as duns lie between the Lesser Himalayas and Shivaliks, e.g., Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun, Patli Dun.

Rivers are highly important for the country’s economy. Following are some of the points which indicate the importance of rivers for the country’s economy:
1. The rivers contain natural fresh (sweet) water which is required for the survival of most of the animals including man.
2. They provide water for irrigation and cultivation.
3. They make soil rich and arable which can be easily brought under cultivation without much labour.
4. Used for navigation and transport thus, important for commercial activities.
5. Estuaries near the sea-shores, where the sweet water mixes freely with the salty water of the oceans, have proved one of the most biologically productive areas of the world.
6. The rivers are being harnessed for generating hydro-electric power.
7. Some lakes are also important tourist spots e.g. Dal Lake, Nainital etc.

Answer is 1917

The Second World countries or the group of east European countries who were liberated from fascist forces, followed the model of the USSR, known as Socialist Bloc.

Russia is the new name of former USSR.

Caste, religion, community and some special persons having dominant image influenced the re-organisation process of states.

South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation.

Pamchasheela Principles.

In the year 1947 India shaped foreign policy.

Tibet is under the leadership of China.

China’s claim over Arunachal Pradesh, one of our states is a significant issue of Indo-China relationship. Maoist’s terrorism in the form of Naxalism in India is also casting a shadow on our mutual relations. Our border is also not finally demarcated. As such there is no well-settled International Border but we do have only Line of Actual Control. Even nuclear treat, foreign trade challenges, military advancements in the border areas are some of the issues which strain our relations with China.

An independent country in the world cannot fulfill all its demands without assitance of other countries. Without depending upon other countries assitance, co-operation, any country cannot achieve progress in economic and other fields. Especially there should be a good relationship of one country with its neighbours. Good relationship between neighbour countries is helpful to develop mutual understanding so that progress can be achieved economic gains, trade development, etc.

In 1962 China invaded our country.

The relationship with was strengthened with China Panchasheela principle.

War broke between India and China in 1962.

India,  USA.

India and USSR singed an agreement between India and Pakistan.

India and U.S.A. are big democratic nations in the world. The U.S.A. has helped us financially far our economic development through Five-year plans. During Chinese in 1962 the support of the U.S.A. strengthened India. Later the U.S.A. extended its help, to Pakistan in the Indo-Pak words. Many a time the foreign policy of the U.S.A. has favored Pakistan at our disadvantages. Both India and the U.S.A. are bound by the principles of the world. Peace and support for U.N.O. India is keeping a close watch on the foreign policy trends of Democratic and Republic Party Presidents. Accordingly, we prepare our policy towards the U.S.A.

1. Havisu 

2. Sanskrit 

3. Kshatriyas 

4. Buddhism and Jainism 

5. Kundagrama 

6. Thathagatha and Shakyamuni. 

7. Pitakas 

8. Shravanabelagola 

9. Republics 

10. Vajji

The sixteen kingdoms of the Sindhu-Ganga plains are known as Mahajanapadas.

‘Dharma Chakra Parivarthana’ is the incident in which Buddha preached his thought to fire disciples at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh for the first time.

Vajji (Vriji).

Buddha taught his followers to the eight fold path (Astanga Marga) to salvation (Nirvana). He preached them to attain knowledge by practicing purity in fife and thoughts (Dharma). He said that desire was the reason for sorrow and one who wins over desire will attain liberation (Nirvana). 

The eight fold path includes:

1. right view 

2. right resolve 

3. right speech 

4. right action 

5. right livelihood 

6. right effort 

7. right mindfulness and 

8. right concentration

Buddha also preached his followers to abstain from liquor, violence, corruption and untruthfulness.

At Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.

Buddha’s parents were king Shudodhana of Shakya republic and his mother was Queen Mayadevi.

Sutta Pitaka.

Young Italy was formed by Joseph Mazzini. The main reason is to unified Italy and would touch off a European wide revolutionary movement.

1. Lumbini 

2. Pali 

3. ‘One who has conquered attachmen’ (Moha) 

4. Parashvanatha 

5. Swethambara

In Naples in 1810.

The organisation named Zollverin was very helpful in the political unification of Germany. In 1818, Prussia made a treaty named ‘octroi union’ with the small states of Schwarzburg and Sonderschossan, that was named Zollverin. By this treaty, goods began to be transported freely between these states. Also levy of octroi between them was abolished that helped trade develop considerably. Initially, other German states did not take interest in this economic cooperation, but gradually, they realised the importance of this economic policy, and forgetting mutual discords, almost all states joined this union by 1834. In this way, this economic strategy ended regional feelings and strengthened Imperialist leadership

Zollverin Union

The ‘Red Coats’ organisation was a patriotic organisation founded by the pioneering republican leader of Italy, Garibaldi. It was through the strength of this group’s soldiers that Garibaldi entered Sicily and defeated the army of Naples. When Garibaldi was sentenced to death on charges of sedition, he escaped from captivity and fled to South America. During this period, he also took part in American war of Independence. He founded the ‘Red Coats’ organisation there. Its members wore red shirts. This party played an important role in the unification of Italy.

Policy of Blood and Iron.

These elements are :

• people, 
• culture, 
• territory, 
• sovereignty.

Cavour’s work in the Unification of Italy is appreciable. 

He unify the regions of Italy through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and he worked neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

1. Jacobin constitution belongs to the country of France. 

2. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. 

3. Liberalism stoods for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. 

4. The members of Aristocracy class were united by a common way of life that across regional divisions.

• Treaty of Gestine (14 August 1865), 
• Treaty of Prague (23 August 1866), Frankfurt Treaty (26 February 1871).

Respected Principal, my dear teachers and friends, It is with joy and sorrow that I stand here. Joy because I have passed the 8th grade and received the scholarship jacket. Sorrow because I have to leave this school and my beloved teachers that have made me grow wiser and my friends with whom I have spent 8 years of my childhood. I thank the Principal and my teachers and my classmates who have helped me in getting this scholarship jacket. My sister had earned it a few years ago and now I am getting it and I am sure my family members will be proud of me. I take this opportunity to especially thank my History Teacher, Mr. Schmidt who has helped me in different ways. I will always remember him with gratitude.

Before I conclude, I would like to make a suggestion. This year the Board had decided to charge 15 dollars for the jacket. But fortunately for me the Principal was kind to make an exception and that is why I am getting this jacket. I want to say to everyone concerned that a scholarship jacket will not remain a scholarship jacket, if one has to pay for it even a single dollar.

I once again thank everyone for making my stay in this school a memorable one. I wish all my classmates a successful future. Martha

Answer is Prussia

Denmark, Austria, and France.

• Under the Jacobian constitution, all people were given the right to vote and the right to insurrection. 
• The constitution stated that the Government must provide the people with work or livelihood. 
• The happiness of all was proclaimed as the aim of government. 
• The government abolished slavery. 
• Hence the Jacobians was the first genuinely democratic constitution in history.

This statement was made by Mr. Boone, Martha’s Maths teacher. He was in favour of giving the scholarship jacket to Joann, the daughter of a Board member, who owned the only store in town. To add weight to his argument he was bringing in the racial issue. His argument is why to give the scholarship jacket to a Mexican, instead of giving to an American? From this we see that even in schools there is racial prejudice. In fact teachers must be above such petty considerations. In schools only merit should count and not religion, sex, race or nationality.

The grandfather: We see him always working in the field. He is a rich man with a 200-acre ranch and he does a lot of the work himself. He is very logical. He says that if money is to be paid for scholarship jacket, it will no more remain a scholarship jacket. His argument wins in the end.

The Principal: We see the principal calling Martha and telling her that from that year there is a policy change and she has to pay 15 dollars to get the scholarship jacket. From his behaviour we know he is unhappy about the decision of the Board as he knows Martha deserves the scholarship jacket. He is a good man because he finally decides to give the jacket to Martha. This may offend the father of Joann and also teachers like Mr. Boone.

Mr Boone: He is a bad teacher. He wants the scholarship jacket to go to Joann because her father is a Board member and he owns the only store in town. He also says Martha is a Mexican and so the jacket should go to Joartn. He is a racist in the sense that he does not give due consideration to merit, but to race and nationality. Such teachers are a shame to the profession.

Mr. Schmidt: He is a good example for a nice teacher. He insists that the jacket should be given to Martha. He is not ready to tell lies and falsify records to favour Joann. He even threatens to resign his job, if the jacket is not given to Martha. We see him happy in the end because he knows justice is done. He must have been jubilant when Martha gave him an affectionate hug.

Unification of Italy : 

I Stage : 

In 1830s Guiseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. 

He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. 

II Stage :

Prime Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy, was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. 

Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he defeated Austria.

III Stage : 

Under the leadership of Garibaldi, a large number of Red Shirts army joined the fray. 

In 1860 they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. 

IV Stage : 

Finally, Victor Emmanel II occupied Rome, and Unification of Italy completed. In 1871 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of unified Italy.

She knew that it was Mr. Schmidt who argued for her and convinced the principal to give the jacket to her instead of giving it to Joann, whose father was a Board member.