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Vishnu, Narada and Brihaspati said that the money which is obtained by cunningness, adulteration, theft, gambling, robbery, interest, etc. is called black money. Black money in modem approach is the money on which the government tax is not paid.

Earth’s atmosphere naturally contains nitrogen-79%, oxygen- 20.09% and remaining part has traces of Carbon dioxide, Argon, Neon, Helium, Ozone, etc. It is very necessary that for our healthy life all these elements should be present in a definite proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion implies air-pollution. Pure air protects people from diseases and makes them strong. Air has been considered the main basis of life in the Vedas.

King had the primary responsibility to fulfill requirements in the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

Five uses of wealth are given below : 

1. For religious activities 

2. For the fulfillment of requirements 

3. For capital formation 

4. for welfare activities and 

5. For the kinsfolk

1. Earnings must be through the path of religion only. 

2. Money should be earned through self-labour and self-efforts.

In Indian literature land, agriculture, commerce, business and industries are the main sources of wealth.

In the ordinary sense, both desire and requirement are used in the same sense, but in economics, these two words are different. Effective desire in economics is considered as a necessity. 

Three things are necessary for effective desire :

1. the desire to obtain something 

2. adequate means to satisfy the .desire 

3. the readiness to spend for fulfilling the desire.

If one thinks about buying a car then it is his wish, but if he has enough currency to buy a car and is willing to spend the money on buying that car, then the desire for the car becomes his necessity.

The emphasis on balanced consumption in ancient Indian literature has been pronounced. According to this, man should take food as need for the protection of life. It is said in Ish Upanishad that O man, do not desire anybody’s wealth because wealth belongs to nobody, so it is not worthy to be desired.

According to our scriptures, it is considered justified to consume materials for the sustenance of life, not according to the wishes, but as per the requirement. It is written in the Mahabharata that man’s right is only on the amount of money that fills his stomach. The person who stores more money than this has been regarded as a thief and punishable.

The major characteristics of ‘wants’ described in Ancient Indian Thought are : 

1. Wants are unlimited. 

2. The resources for satisfying wants are limited. 

3. It is not possible to fulfil wants with the available resources. 

4. Some wants arise repeatedly. 

5. Wants increase with development. 

6. Wants are affected by social, economic and religious feelings. 

7. Wants are competitive.

Wealth is divided into three categories according to Vishnu, Narad and Brihaspati : 

• White Money : The money which is earned by bravery, education, priesthood, etc. is included under White money. 
• Branded Money : Money earned by agriculture, commerce, crafts, and services is called branded money. 
• Black Money : The money earned by cunning, adulteration, fraud, gambling, robbery, and interest, etc.

There is a lot of emphasis on environmental protection in ancient Indian texts. It is said in the Mahabharata and Manu Smriti that a person should adopt the ways that he should not have any suffering and no loss of vegetation. We should not pollute the environment for our own selfishness but rather protect it. In Yajurveda, it has been said that to protect the environment, man should maintain balance between air, water, vegetation and creatures, otherwise it is inevitable to have adverse effects on every living organism, plants and humans.

In ancient times, Indian people considered the land as their mother, because they got grains, a variety of medicines, trees and plants from the land. When the land becomes useless from useful, it is called land pollution. In order to free the surface from pollution and to avoid pollution, it is necessary not to discharge stool-urine in open, not leave hair, nails and waste in the planted fields and in the gardens. The use of chemical fertilizers should also be stopped in agriculture.

Water is life. But when water gets polluted, many problems arise before society. Today, due to industrial development and due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and detergent powder, water is being polluted. Water is considered as preserver of life and welfare of life in the Vedas. According to Manu, polluted substances, poisons, faeces, urine, etc. should not be discharged in water bodies. Water pollution not only leads to many diseases but also reduces the production capacity of the land.

In Indian economic thought, bribery or corruption has been considered as a means of exchange, in which black currency is created. All such transactions are unaccounted and there is no proper criteria in these transactions. It is said that bribe is the door to all sins. Corrupt people can be bought easily with the help of money. The citizens of that country can never be happy and prosperous where such people are not controlled.

Ecological balance means to maintain a balance in the forest, water, and land. Its imbalance causes harm to both nature and humans. Therefore, the use of water, forest, and land all three should be done in a sensible way and adequate attention must be given on their protection and development.

Following are the causes of water pollution : 

1. By mixing of faces and urine in river water. 

2. Using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 

3. By putting waste material from industrial into the rivers. 

4. By dumping dead bodies of people and animals in rivers. 

5. The radioactive substances produced by nuclear explosions, which are found in water.

The description of the glory of the tree, as given in Matsya Purana, is not found in any other culture in the world.

That is, the importance of a baoli is similar to 10 wells, and the significance of a pond is similar to 10 baolis, and that of a son is similar to 10 ponds, and a tree similar to 10 sons. It is evident how much importance the tree has been given in our scriptures.

Appropriate explanation makes it clear that the importance of nature in various ways has been clarified in the Vedas to awaken consciousness in the people towards the environment. It reveals the glory of the tree. In addition to allowing continuous use of vegetation, people have been ordered not to cut roots, and there is a provision to punish those who bum and destroy the forests.

In order to purify the environment, make it pesticideless, and pollution-free, with ablution being a means of spiritual worship in the Vedas, it is considered important. The heat of ablution destroys the harmful elements of air, water and sky. The heat given in the oblation is not destroyed, but it is beneficial for humans only by changing its appearance, being subtle and widespread. Elements of the ablution become intense and enter the air, water, earth, and sky and destroy the pollution.

1. The Atharva Veda says that all living beings have the same right to live and thrive.

2. The whole world lives as one single unit like a nest.

3. We can live as one single unit through co-living.

It is said in Atharva Veda that if we cut trees and herbs for ourselves and harass the earth, then the earth will also destroy us with drought, excessive rainfall and severe storms.

Figure ‘a’: Conical root; 

Figure ‘b’: Fusiform root; 

Figure ‘c’: Napiform root

The correct answer is (B) respiration

1. X: Lenticels 

In respiratory roots or pneumatophores, gaseous exchange occurs through lenticels. 

2. Examples of plants in which respiratory roots are present: Rhizophora, Avicennia, Sormeratia, Heritiera fames (sundri), etc.

The answer is (d) reduce, recycle, reuse

(i) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 

(ii) Prop or Pillar roots e.g. Banyan tree 

(iii) Leaflet Tendrils: Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) 

(iv) Pneumatophores e.g. Avicennia.

1. Figure ‘a’ indicates simple tuberous root. 

a. Simple tuberous roots become swollen and do not show definite shape. 

b. They are produced singly. 

c. The roots arise from nodes over the stem and penetrate into the soil, e.g. sweet potato or shakarkand (Ipomoea batatas). 

2. Figure ‘b’ indicates fasciculated tuberous roots. 

a. A cluster of roots arising from one point which becomes thick and fleshy due to storage of food is known as fasciculated tuberous root.

b. These clusters are seen at the base of the stem, e.g. Dahlia, Asparagus, etc.

3. Figure ‘c’ indicates Moniliform roots. 

a. Some adventitious roots get swollen at regular intervals. 

b. These gives them the appearance of beads of a necklace. Such roots are called as Moniliform roots, e.g. Spinacia oleracea (Indian Spinach). 

4. Figure ‘d’ indicates Nodulose roots.

The cluster of long slender roots become enlarged at the tips forming nodules is known as nodulose roots, e.g. Arrow root (Maranta), Amhaldi or mango ginger (Curcuma amada).

Modifications of Adventitious Roots: 

(i) Tuberous: It is swollen root and shapeless occurring singly. e.g., Sweet potato. 

(ii) Fasciculated: Several tuberous roots arise from the same place in a cluster. e.g, Dahlia, Asparagus Ruellia. 

(iii) Beaded roots: These roots have swollen parts at frequent intervals. eg., Portulaca, Mormordica charantia and vitis. 

(iv) Prop roots: These are pillar like roots, hanging vertically downward from the aerial branch of the plants, e.g., Banyan tree. 

(v) Stilt roots : The roots are short which grow obliquely from near the base of the main stem and they provide anchorage and support to the stem. e.g., sugarcane, maize, Sorghum, screwpine.

Pneumatophores in mangroves help in respiration.

The answer is (c) Electricity

Soil, water and air are natural resources whereas electricity is produced by humans by transformation of differenrt sources of energy.

The correct answer is (D) epiphytic roots

The correct answer is (A) Pistia

The answer is (a) 6.5 – 7.5

Neutral pH is the most conducive for life of fresh water plants and animals. 

The correct answer is (C) Napiform root

(B) any part of the plant body except the radicle

A natural resource which can be used repeatedly and is replaced naturally is called a renewable resource. For examples air, water, solar energy, and biomass.

● Water is one of the most important substances on earth. 

● All plants and animals must have water to survive. 

● If there was no water there would be no life on earth. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water. 

● Fresh water is used by all living beings except marine organisms. They use sea water. 

● Fresh can be obtained from three natural sources. 

● Natural sources of fresh water are rain, surface water, and groundwater. 

● The body of living beings is composed of water. 

● Water is required for all the chemical reactions such as digestion, excretion in the body (metabolism), similarly plants need water for growth, photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic reactions require water. 

● Therefore, water is a valuable resource.

The answer is (d) Alcohol distillery

• Fermentation results in the production of lactic acid and alcohol.
• Alcohol oxidizes to get converted into ethanoic acid. 
• This will decrease the PH of river water.

The answer is (b) forests

• Water, wind and sunlight are non-exhaustible resources. 
• Forests are depleting due to human activities.

The answer is (b) forests

• Water, wind and sunlight are non-exhaustible resources. 
• Forests are depleting due to human activities

The answer is (a) disposal of unburnt corpses into water

• Coliforms are mainly present in human excreta. 
• Hence unburnt corpses are the sources of coliform which pollute Ganga river water

APC = 1 – APS = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4

The sum of APC and APS is equal to one.

APC + APS = 1

Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in the economy.

Aggregate Demand is the total demand for goods and services in the economy.

APC can never be equal to zero as consumption can never be zero at any level of income. 

Yes, the value of APC > 1 before the break-even point is attained.

It measures the quantum of excess demand.

It is because change in consumption cannot be greater than change in income.

Aggregate demand will fall.