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This statement is True. 

The teachings of Gautama Buddha did not make reference to the concept of God. Also, the sacred literature (Tripitkas) was written in the language of the common people, namely, Pali. Buddha made monasticism an inseparable part of his creed. The function of monasticism was to provide suitable conditions for personal and societal development.

Thus, Jainism and Buddhism are perceived as ‘protest religions’. Both these religious traditions opened their doors to all sections of society. The right to salvation was no longer limited to a particular stratum of society. Understandably, Buddhism with its fewer rigid rules and regulations in comparison to Jainism was embraced by many.

Buddhism gave great importance to the moral upliftment of human beings and directed people to lead moral lives. It insisted on virtues like charity, self-sacrifice, control over passions, and non-injury in thought and action. These virtues are also advocated in the Upanishads and also widely practiced through the Buddhist way of life.

Buddhism thus spread far and wide even beyond the boundaries of India because of the patronage of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka. As a missionary religion, Buddhism spread to foreign lands like Tibet, China, Japan, Mongolia, Burma, Java, Sumatra, and Sri Lanka.

(i) Holy Sabbath

(ii) Din-i-Ilahi

(iii) Guru Granth Sahib

(iv) Langar

(v) Lopamudra

(vi) ‘Sola Sati’

(vii) Viharas

(viii) Social Legislation

Indian Navy’s all-women crew was the first-ever to circumnavigate the globe. The crew started their voyage from Goa, flagged off by the Defence Minister of India, Nirmala Sitharaman. It – was a historic day, marked in navigation history, globally. It covered the expedition in five legs with stopovers at four ports viz. Fremantle, Australia; Lyttelton, New Zealand; Port Stanley, the Falklands and Cape Town, South Africa for replenishment of ration and repair as necessary, before returning to Goa in April 2018. The six member women crew broke many stereotypes during their recordsetting sail.

INSV Tarini is the second sailboat of the Indian Navy. It is a 55 foot sailing vessel built indigenously in India by M/s Aquarius Shipyard Pvt. Ltd, located in Goa. After undergoing extensive sea trials, she was commissioned to the Indian Navy service.

Ashoka promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia.

Women are the forerunners of a nation. Indian culture attaches great importance to women. Women comprise half of world’s population. Women are the key to sustainable development and quality of life in the family. The varieties of role the women assume in the family are those of spouse, leader, manager, supervisor of family income and last but not the least important the role of a mother.

INSV stands for Indian Naval Ship Vessel.

This statement is True.

In Post-Independent India, we have taken on a system of governance based on the principle of democracy. The three arms of government are the Executive, Assembly Legislature as well as Judiciary. We have the principle of democratic decentralization where power percolates down to the grassroots level.

The Indian political system no longer recognizes the former statuses of prince, nawab, raja or rani. All citizens are equal in the eyes of law. Modern India has embraced the principles and practice of free and fair elections. Voting rights are given to all citizens of India, on the attainment of age 18. India also has a multi-party system – and parties may be national, state or regional in character. Individuals also have the right to contest in elections. We also have a federal system of governance – Centre, and State/Union Territory-

The goals, policies, and agenda of each government are guided by its own principles or ideologies. There are differences and multiple views (for example, Left, Right, and Centre). The role of the opposition is the responsibility of keeping a check on the government in power. Consensus is an important value in a democratic society. Thus, India is the most populous democracy in the world.

The issues to be discussed are as follows:

• The proposed measure would increase discrimination against transgender people. 
• These communities often live on extreme fringes of Indian society, with many forced into prostitution, begging or menial jobs. 
• Discrimination with regards to education, employment, and the ability to rent or buy a property. 
• The bill fails to maintain Civil Rights like marriage, adoption, social security benefits, etc. 
• Need to raise awareness and express solidarity with the transgender community.

The Special Marriage Act was passed in the year 1954.

Akbar gave India a strong and stable political administration.

The Juvenile Justice Act was passed in the year 2015

Digambara Jains believe that the principle of nudity is an essential element in the path of liberation.

The Kshatriyas learnt the art of warfare and administration.

The kingdoms of South India especially Cholas were divided into many provinces. These provinces were known as ‘Mandalam’. A member of the royal family was the chief of the Mandalam.

The Gond dynasty was established at Chanda (Chandrapur) during the Yadava period. Kol Bheel was the founder of this dynasty. He brought the people of the Gond tribe together and encouraged them to rebel against the Naga dynasty. He established the capital at Sirpur. In the later period, Khandkya Ballal Singh built a fort at Ballarpur and shifted the capital from Sirpur to Ballarpur. The temple at Achaleshwar was constructed during his period.

• Two styles of architecture ‘Dravida’ and ‘Vesara’ developed in South India. 
• The Dravida style emerged and developed in the regions from the Krishna river to Kanyakumari. 
• The important feature of Dravida architecture was identified by the construction of Shikhara. 
• In this type, the stories reduce in size as the Shikhara rises. Examples of this style can be seen in the Kailasnath and Vaikuntha Perumal temples at Kanchi, Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore. 
• The Chalukyas built temples at places like Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal. 
• During the Rashtrakuta period, the world-famous ‘Kailasa’ temple was created.

Yadava dynasty is one of the important dynasties of medieval Maharashtra. Bhillam V (1185-93 C.E.) is the important king of the Yadava dynasty. He expanded the kingdom by defeating the Kalachuris. He established his capital at Devgiri and got himself coronated. In the later period, Singhan was an important ruler of this dynasty. He defeated the Hoysalas, Shilaharas and expanded the rule of Yadavas.

Correct Answer is  (d) Marwari

1. Setu bandha

2. Kirtivarman

Kapardi established the north Kokan branch of Shilaharas. Rulers of this branch were initially the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. Their capital was at Sthanak (Thane). Aparajita was another important king of this branch. He ruled for around thirty-five years. Chittaranjan followed Aparajita as King. His brothers fought for their claim to the throne.

(a) Founder: 

Jimutvahan is considered to be the founder of all three branches. They ruled for almost three hundred years as the feudatories of Rashtrakutas and later the Chalukyas.

(b) Shilahara of South Konkan: 

Sanafulla established the South Konkan branch of Shilaharas. His son, Dhammiyar set up the village of Vallipattana and built a fort there. Later King Adityavarma expanded his kingdom from Thane to Goa. Rattaraj was the last ruler of this dynasty. One of the copper plates found at Kharepatan gives an account of the history of this dynasty.

(c) Shilaharas of North Konkan:

 Kapardi established the North Konkan branch of Shilaharas. Their capital was at Sthanak (Thane). Aparajita was an important king of this branch. He ruled for around thirty-five years. He was followed by Chittaraj.

(d) Shilaharas of Kolhapur:

The modern districts of Satara, Sangli, Ratnagiri, and Belgaum were included in this kingdom. Jatiga established the Kolhapur branch of Shilaharas. Bhoj II was an important king of this dynasty. Kolhapur, Valivade, and Panhala were the capitals of this kingdom. ‘Koppeshwar Mahadev’ temple at Khidrapur was the creation of Shilaharas.

(d) Mattavilasa

Correct option is (b) Pravarasena

(a) Sthanak (Thane)

1. Harivijaya

2. Dravida and Vesara

(B) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

(c) Amoghvarsha

(b) attacks of Parmars and Chalukyas of Kalyani

1. Koppeshwar Mahadev

2. Queen Durgavati

Correct option is (d) Rashtrakuta

India was going through an economic crisis with rising inflation and food prices. There was influx of refugees from Bangladesh and a subsequent War with Pakistan in 1971. USA had imposed sanctions on India after the War that further burdened the economy. The opposition parties had formed a policy of anti-Congressism and there began agitations against the government. Indira Gandhi subsequently imposed National Emergency in India in 1975.

Krishnadevaraya

India was reeling under an economic downturn after the 1965 War with Pakistan. There had been a shift of developmental expenses to defence expenditure. There had been rising inflation of essential items and slow growth in jobs. The Congress had won the Election under the slogan of garibi hatao (remove poverty). Subsequently, the Bangladesh crisis had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. Apart from this, the U.S. government had stopped all aid to India and international price oil had increased quickly during the period. This led to an increase in inflation whereby the prices increased by 23 per cent in 1973 and 30 per cent in 1974. Industrial growth was low that caused unemployment to rise. The government froze the salaries of its employees to decrease its expenditure. The food grain production had declined due to a bad monsoon in 1972- 73. These conditions led to the unrest among students and government employees in various parts of India.

Gujarat had a Congress led government in the State. In January 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against rising prices of food grains and other essential commodities and against corruption in the government. The protest of the students was supported by major opposition parties. Due to this, the Indira Gandhi government imposed President’s rule in Gujarat. The opposition parties agitated for fresh elections to the state legislature. Morarji Desai announced that he would go on an indefinite fast till the time fresh elections were held in the State. The government due to the pressure from the students and the opposition political parties announced assembly elections in Gujarat. The Congress government was defeated in the State. There were major protest movements within Gujarat after the Emergency. Subsequently, during the 1977 elections after the Emergency, Congress lost many seats within the State.

The number of seats won by Congress (R) and CPI alliance were more than the total seats won by Congress in previous four general elections. Their alliance had won 375 seats in Lok Sabha with 48.4% of the votes with the Congress (R) winning 352 seats. The opposition party Congress (O) won only 16 seats with the Opposition Grand Alliance winning less than 40 seats. The win established Indira Gandhi and Congress (R) as the successor of the Indian National Congress.

Lal Bahadur Shastri died in Tashkent on 10^th January, 1966.

The three main challenges faced by the Congress were:

(i) There was a war with Pakistan in 1965 and an economic crisis in India. This led to an increase in prices of essential items and food grains, rise in unemployment and transfer of funds from development expenses to defense expenses.

(ii) The death of Lal Bahadur Shastri led to the fear of succession in India. Indira Gandhi was made Prime Minister with the support of the Syndicate. Subsequently, conflict arose between the two factions and the Congress split into Congress (R) and Congress (O).

(iii) The opposition had begun to form alliances and there was a rise in defection in State assemblies. Congress was at lowest seats since the 1952 elections and the party lost elections in multiple State assemblies.

Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the ‘Tashkent Treaty’ with Pakistan.

Secret ballot was conducted between Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai for the election of the Leader of Congress Parliamentary Party.

The election was a contest among Congress (R) and Congress(O) and Grand alliance of Opposition parties. Indira Gandhi gave slogan of “Garibi Hatao” and also made Public Sector growth, Rural Landownership, Delimitation of urban property, end of disparity in income and opportunity, and termination of Privy Purse as election agenda. She also tried to muster support of oppressed classes, tribes, minority, women and unemployed youth. Congress alliance has secured 375 seats with 48.4% votes. Congress(O) could secure only 66 and Grand Alliance of opposition could win less than 40 seats. Indira Gandhi reinstituted the Congress party working system. The old Congress party was not revived by such changes. This party was built by Indira Gandhi by her own way. This party was dependent on popularity of their leader but party organization was very weak. This party was dependent on social communities like poor women, untouchable obsessed, tribes and minority.

Lal Bahadur Shastri remained Prime Minister only for 19 months.

Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India after Lal Bahadur Shastri.

Neelama Sanjeeva Reddy was the official candidate for the Congress party.

The elections of 1967 proved to be a boon and it established supremacy of Indira Gandhi.

After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai were the two main contenders for the position of Prime Minister. Congress President had proposed name of Indira Gandhi, although Morarji Desai was a more experienced candidate. The leaders of the Syndicate were not in favor of Morarji Desai and considered that Indira Gandhi was naive and therefore can be controlled by them. Indira Gandhi was elected by securing 355 votes while Morarji Desai had secured only 169 votes. Indira Gandhi was appointed as the Prime Minister.

The slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ became the popular slogan by Indira Gandhi.

Indira Gandhi had to lead the Lok Sabha Election within one year of becoming the Prime Minister. Economic condition was grim at that time and the Syndicate had absolute control over the Congress. Due to these difficulties, Indira Gandhi had taken some time to settle as a Prime Minister.

Congress (R) headed by Indira Gandhi and Indian Communist Party were two political parties in the political coalition that came into power in the 1971 General election.

The term Globalization was introduced by Prof. Theodore Levitt. The history of Globalization can be explained in three stages namely

1. Archaic globalization 

2. Proto Globalization 

3. Modem Globalization

Archaic Globalization: An early form of globalized economies and culture is known as Archaic Globalization existed during the Hellenistic Age. 

The trade links of the earlier days can be summarised as.

1. Between Sumerian and Indus Valley Civilisation 

2. Greek culture stretched from India to Spain 

3. Between Roman empire, Parthian empire and the Hans dynasty. 

4. The advent of Mongol empire greatly facilitated travel along the silk road.

These Pre-modem phases of global exchange are called Archaic Globalization.

Proto Globalization: It arose because of the rise of maritime European empires in the 16 and 17 Centuries, the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and British empires. In the 17 century, the British East India company is described as the first Multinational Company and the Dutch East India company were established.

Modern Globalization: It is witnessed between 19^th and 20^th century. In the 19^th century – Global trade and capital investment. In the 20^th century, higher share of trade in merchant production, Global trade in services, Rise in production and trade by MNCs and Technological changes. Agreements of trade contracts like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organisation (WTO). Technological changes lowered the cost of transport charges.