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The principle that focuses a complete change in the attitude of the employees is known as the principle of mental revolution. 

Explanation-

This principle emphasizes on the need to change the attitude of workers and managers. According to the principle, workers and their managers should reform their thinking and each of them should realise the importance of others while working towards the accomplishment of organisational goals.

Stability of personnel.

According to the principles of equity, all employees should be given same treatment. 

Explanation-The principle of equity states that fair treatment should be given to each of the subordinates by the superiors in any organisation. For example, people doing similar work should be given equal salary.

(b) Discipline

Systematic concentration of authority at top level is known as Centralisation

Concentration of power of authority is stated in the principles of Centralisation. 

Explanation- 

Centralisation implies that the power is concentrated in the hands of the people in top management only. In other words, only few people in the organisation have the power or authority to take decisions; the others are expected to follow them.

Management principles influence human behaviour. 

Explanation- 

Management comprises of humans, and management principles are the rules that govern the working of any management. Thus, management principles are said to influence human behaviour.

One of the prominent federations in the country which represents labour at a national level is the Central trade union organisation

The Industrial Disputes Act of 1947, allowed the usage of mechanisms like conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication to mitigate the conflict between workers and management.

14 principles of management are developed by Henry Fayol. 

Explanation-

On the basis of his experience, observations and experiments in the field of management, Fayol developed 14 principles of management and published them in his book ‘General and Industrial Administration’.

Strike is a major weapon in the hands of labour.

Concept: Obligatory Function. 

Explanation : Obligatory functions are those functions which must be performed by government for socio-economic welfare and to avoid social unrest and to establish social justice in a country.

Concept: Internal debt 

Explanation : When the government borrows from its citizens or nationalized banks, it is called internal debt.

It means borrowing within a country, for development of infrastructure facilities in a country.

Provision of infrastructure like roads, bridge energy supply, etc., require huge investment. So, government borrows money in form of internal debt from RBI, nationalized banks or citizens of a country.

The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati

(c) The Bombay Textile Labour Union – N. M. Joshi

The ‘Bombay Mill Hands Association’ was started under the guidance of Narayan Meghaji Lokhande

Concept: GST (Goods and Service Tax) 

Explanation : GST is a comprehensive tax base with nationwide coverage of goods and services.

It came into effect in India from 1st July, 2017. It is a tax on goods and services. GST simplified the tax system in a country.

The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the All India Kisan Sabha.

The Bombay Textile Labour Union was under the leadership of N. M. Joshi

Deficit Budget:

1. When the government revenue is less than government expenditure, it is called a Deficit Budget. 

2. Deficit Budget would lead to increase in aggregate demand. 

3. Deficit Budget leads to flow of money from the government to the economy. 

4. It is suitable for government when the economy suffers from depression. 

5. The policy of deficit budget would lead to increase in employment, investment, etc.

Balanced Budget:

1. When the government revenue is equal to government expenditure, it is called a Balanced Budget.

2. Balanced Budget would not affect the aggregate demand in the economy. 

3. The flow revenue of the government is equal to meet the expenditure of the government. 

4. It is not possible to introduce a balanced budget under present circumstances. 

5. The balanced budget policy is called “Sound Finance” where the government performs only minimum functions.

Non-tax revenue refers to the revenue received by the government from various , sources other than taxes.

The sources of non-tax revenue are as follows:

1. Fees : It refers to charges paid, in return for certain specific services rendered by the government. E.g. fees paid for registration of house, car, education fees, etc.

2. Prices of Public Goods and Services : Various types of goods and services are produced, supplied and sold by modern government to the citizens. It; is added to public revenue when people s purchase them and pay their prices.

3. Special Assessment : It is special kind of tax, which is levied by local government on the residents of a particular area. In exchange of it, government provides some special facilities to them.

4. Fines and Penalties : It is imposed by government on those who violate the laws of the country.

E.g. a traffic police charges fine and collects money if someone violates traffic rule. The objective behind collection of fines and penalties is not to earn money but to discourage the people from violating the laws framed by the government It is small source of income.

5. Gifts, Grants and Donations : The government receives gifts from its citizens and others. It is included in public revenue. The government may also get grants from foreign government and institutions for general and specific purposes.

Foreign aid is also an important form of public revenue for developing country like India.

However, this source of revenue is uncertain in nature.

6. Special Levies : It refers to the charges levied by government on those commodities, whose consumption is harmful to human health.

Special levies are paid for using commodities like wine, opium and other intoxicants. Special levy is imposed, not to earn income, but to discourage the people from using harmful products.

7. Borrowings: Government borrows to raise fund because government expenditure generally exceeds government revenue, in a welfare state.

When government borrows from foreign government or international organisations, it is known as external debt. It is more popular source of public revenue for investment in development of projects. Thus, public revenue in form of non-tax sources play very important role in socio economic development of a country.

S.  A. Dange

Early Agitations: the early part of British rule was marked by an exploitative revenue system and zamindari system. Many small cultivators lost their rights over their hereditary land and resources. The famines and natural calamities during this period increased Indebtedness and exploitation This led to massive discontent among farmer Several revolts like the Deccan riots against money lenders, the upsurge by Bengal tenants against Zamindari, the Punjab Kisan struggles against money lenders, etc, took place during this period, two peasant struggles led by the National Congress the Champaran Struggle in Bihar against Indigo planters and the Satyagraha movement of the peasants in against collection of land revenue in a situation of crop failure

The emergence of Kisan Sabhas: many Kisan Sabhas were organised in Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh to revolt against the initiative taken by the Congress party to support the interests of landlords. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, to oppose zamindari system Two struggles of the peasantry of the Bardoli district (Gujarat) broke out in succession which resulted in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (ALKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936. In Punjab, the farmers’ movement erupted under the leadership of Raja Mahendra Pratap. The Ghadar party played a very important role in mobilising farmers and peasants of Punjab together. In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi led the struggle of poor farmers against the British government in Kheda. In the Southern belt, the struggle erupted against the Forest Law. This phase is also characterized by the worsening of peasant position.

Post-Independence period: During this period the unrest was felt in the States were agriculturally, commercially developed States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the movement became more organised, under Charansingh He opposed heavy mechanisation.the Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD) and the Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD) in 1974. In 1973 a convention of farmers was held in New Delhi, followed by another convention in 1978. Which presented a 20-point charter of demands to the government like representation of farmers on decision-making bodies, bridging the imbalance between agriculture and industry, etc., In 1980, the formation of the Shetkari Sangatana under the leadership of Sharad Joshi and Karnataka Rajya Ryot Sangh under the leadership of M. D. Nanjundaswamy are milestones in the Farmers’ movement in India. With the processes of industrialization and globalisation, conditions have changed rapidly for farmers. In March 2018, thousands of farmers from different parts of Maharashtra got together to march to Azad Maidan (Mumbai), to convey to the government their grievances and frustrations.

Yes, I agree with this statement.

During inflationary period, price of commodities rises rapidly.

This rise in price can be controlled by lowering the level of effective demand in the economy. This can be done by increasing taxes which will automatically reduce the purchasing power of the people, which will result in fall of aggregate demand.

The fall in aggregate demand will lead producers and sellers to reduce the price of l their products to increase their sale. Thus, inflationary pressure is controlled by adopting surplus budget.

Yes, I agree with this statement.

In a developing country like India, public expense is continuously increasing.

The modern government has to perform many obligatory as well as optional functions for the social and economy development of a country.

These functions include spread of education, public health, public works, infrastructure facilities, public recreation, social welfare schemes, protection of a country, industrial development, etc.

Old functions are being performed more efficiently and new functions are added i continuously.

In addition to this, many natural and man made calamities occur frequently. So, government has to spend a huge amount for ; disaster management.

So, there is a continuous growth in the public expense in India.

No, I do not agree with this statement. 

There is a difference between public finance and private finance.

Public Finance : Public finance refers to income an expenditure of public authorities. The objective of public finance is to offer maximum social advantage. More credit is available in the market to increase public finance. The supply of public finance is more elastic. In case of public finance, government first determines the volume and different ways of it’s expenditure.

Private Finance : Private finance refers to income and expenditure of individual and private sector organisations. The objective of private finance is to fulfil private interest. Credit availability is limited to increase private finance. The supply of private finance is less elastic. In case of private finance, an individual considers income first and then determines the volume of expenditure.

1. Seeing the arrival of Ambedkar, his brother and cousin

2. A Servant

3. A Brahmin teacher in his high school

4. Meals

5. Throughout his life

b) his father hadn’t received the letter in time

Chipko Movement was started by Amrita Devi

Social movement means when a group of people come together in an organized way, in order to bring change in society. Social Movements are different in nature, features, pace, and operations.

The important characteristics of Social Movements are: Essentially collective in nature: Social movement is not an individual action. It involves collective action. A group collectively has to be part of the movement. A collective action that creates interest and awakening in a relatively large number of people.

Planned and deliberate action: Social movements have to be preplanned to be executed effectively. Movements are deliberate initiatives and not spontaneous or sudden in nature. 

Ideology and objectives: A social movement is backed by an ideology. The ideology guides the course of the movement. There are set objectives and goals to achieve to bring about change in the social system

Social change: Social movements are oriented towards bringing about a change. It usually demands a change in the already established order or it resists change initiated by the authorities.

Leadership: Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. The organisation must include leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and how to carry them. Leaders are must for guidance and person who influences others to accomplish the mission.

A social movement is a collective action to change or influence the existing social system by a group. Herbert Blumer has defined the social movement as “Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life.

A social movement is defined as a collectively acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part. Some movements are directed to modify certain aspects of the existing social order whereas others may aim to change it completely.

A social movement is an organised effort of a large group of people to achieve a particular goal typically a social or political or political one, this may be to carry out resistance or undo a social change.

It is a collective challenge to the authorities organised group of people to come together to establish a new order of life.

Examples

• Environmental movements like the Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan organised to protect and preserve our environment. 
• Workers movement to protest against the exploit action done on workers like the minimisation of wages, poor working conditions, etc. by the industrialisation factory owners. 
• Reform Movements – Arya Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Peasant Movements, Backward Castes Movement, etc.

Euphotic zone is the oceanic zone that is most productive.

1. Webbed feet of birds help them to adapt conditions on land as well as in water. 

2. Webbed feet have enabled them to be good swimmers.

Food poisoning is due to consumption of Spoiled food.

1. Polar bear has thick fur coat or hair covering on their bodies. 

2. The fur act as insulator preventing heat loss from its body.

The disease of food poisoning is called Botulism.

Grasslands, forests, deserts, mountain regions and coastal regions.

Rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans, seas and swamps.

1. In the thick layer of skin, fat is deposited in seals. 

2. The thick layer of fat deposited under their act as insulators preventing heat loss from its body. 

3. The fat not only insulates the body but helps in producing heat and energy.

DPT is also known as “Triple Antigen”.

Protozoa: Any of a large group of singlecelled, usually microscopic, eukaryotic organisms such as amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.

Amoebiasis: Infection by a disease-causing amoeba. Amoebic dysentery.

1. Necessary preventive measures should be taken from mosquito bites. 

2. We should use mosquito nets. 

3. Creams like Odomos. 

4. We should take care of drainage canals and small kuntas. Stagnated water should be dried. 

5. The smoke of Neem and Tulasi sticks should be spread in houses during evenings. 

6. Water tanks should be cleaned once in a month. With these we can prevent malaria.

AIDS: AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system.

(C) Clostridium botulinum

Answer is (A) Fungi

Answer is (D) i only

Yes. Bryophyllum, Aloe, and Agave are the examples for fleshy leaved plants.

Algae: A large group of simple nonflowering plants containing chlorophyll but lacking true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.