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Debates with religious scholars helped Akbar in framing the idea of sulh-i kul of ‘universal peace’. By using such a policy of tolerance Akbar was able to formulate governance guidelines which were based on a system of ethics.

The Mughals emphasized their Timurid and not their Mongol desecent because Ghengiz Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. They prided themselves on the fact that Timur had captured Delhi in 1398.

(a) provoking

The income from land revenue was the main source of income for the mughal rulers and hence it was very important.

It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because the empire had expanded to encompass different regions and provinces.

In the ‘trabeate’ style of architecture a horizontal beam was placed across two vertical columns. In the ‘arcuate’ style arches are utilized.

a. A roof can be made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. This style of architecture is called trabeate or corbelled type of architecture. This style is used in the construction of temples, mosques, and tombs.

b. The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. The roofs too used this principle and were converted into vaults and domes. This architectural form is called ‘Arcuate’. This is used in constructing roofs and domes of temples and mosques.

c. The Vijayanagara style of architecture had been developed by using the techniques of Chola and Pandyan styles. This included Vimanas and Gopurams. Towers on the central shrines were dwarfed other distinctive features of this style include mandapams or pavilions and long pillared corridors that ran around the shrines with in the temple complex.

Between the seventh and tenth centuries, architects started adding more rooms, doors, and windows to buildings. Making large rooms with an elaborate superstructure requires more sophisticated skills. Roofs, doors, and windows were still made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns, a style of architecture called trabeate or corbelled style of architecture. Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries, the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs, and in buildings attached to large stepped – wells.

a. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni

b. India.

c. To win credit as a great hero of Islam.

d. To display their political might and military success by attacking and looting the places of worship.

e. Mahmud of Ghazni.

It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because the empire had expanded to encompass different regions and provinces. By recruiting mansabdars from diverse backgrounds, the Mughals won the trust of the common people and created a balanced administration.

Roofs, doors, and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. This style of architecture is called trabeate or corbelled. But in the arcuate style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was carried by arches. The roofs too used this principle and were converted into vaults and domes.

Constructing tall Shikharas was not easy because there were no cranes in those days and the 90 tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually. So the architects built an inclined path to the top of the temple, placed the boulder on rollers, and rolled it all the way to the top. The path started more than four kilometers away so that it would not be too steep. This path was dismantled after the temple was constructed.

(i) In trabeate style of architecture, roofs, doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns while in arcuate style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. 

(ii) Trabeate style of architecture was between the seventh and tenth centuries while arcuate style of architecture was prominent from the twelfth century.

(B) Rajendra -1

(B) Alauddin Khilji

(A) Shrimara Shrivallabha

The capital of Pandyas was Madurai

Answer is (B) 831-851

Shikhara is the highest roof of the Hindus temples. For example, the Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest shikhara amongst the temples of its time.

a. Mahanavami Dibba.

b. Because it was built on a high platform of 55 feet.

c. The Vijayanagara Kings used this dibba for performing Navaratri puja and held Dussera court.

d. Subordinate chiefs, nayakas and officers paid their tributes to the Emperor.

e. The sides of the platform were covered with sculptures of various kinds.

a. The Persian court chronicles.

b. No.

c. Because he had the qualities of Moses and Solomon.

d. The great law-givers of the past.

e. God himself.

Answer is (C) Persian

Tanka is a reservoir built to collect rain water.

a. Vijayanagara.

b. Sri Virupaksha, Ramachandra, Krishna and Vitthala.

c. Chola and Pandya styles of Architecture.

d. Vimanas and Gopurams?

e. Gopurams were the towering gateways of the temples.

(D) Vijayanagara

Answer is (A) Sena -1

Pietra-dura is an architectural style in which coloured, hard stones were placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns. For example, behind the Emperor Shah Jahan’s throne, were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the lute.

The ceremonial halls of the public and private audience – diwan – i – khas or diwan – i – aam were carefully planned. These courts were also described as chihil sutun or forty-pillared halls, placed within a large courtyard. Thus the beautiful courtyards, carefully planned halls with different elements of Mughal architecture Shah Jahan’s biwan – i – khas (or) diwan – i – aam were called the paradises on earth

(D) Alauddin Khilji

(C) Shah Jahan

Chand Bawadi of Abhaneri is near Harshad Mata Mandir.

Bawadi is also known as Vapika, Vapi, Karkandhu, Shakandhu etc.

(C) Shahjahan

(A) river-front garden

There is a park at the end of our street. Our park is in a rectangular shape. There is a compound wall around the park. There are no channels in our park. But there is a tap to water the plants. Moghul gardens are in a rectangular shape. They are placed within walled enclosures constructed by Babur. They are divided into four quarters by artificial channels.

Construction of a temple emphasized the king’s moral right to rule. Constructing places of worship provided rulers with a chance to proclaim their close relationship with god.

Answer is (B) Yamuna

Yes, there is Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s statue in our village. It was placed by some of our villagers. It is to honor him as a framer of our Constitution.

The elements of a Mughal chahar bagh garden are rectangular walled enclosures, divided into four quarters by artificial channels. The chahar bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the “riverfront garden” in which the dwelling was not located in the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, near the bank of the river.

The image of Paradise on Earth was created through the construction of audience halls, which were modelled like a mosque. The pedestal of Shah Jahan’s throne was frequently described as the Quibla, the direction which Muslims face while praying. These architectural features communicated a sense of divine justice and the idea that the king was the representative of God on earth.

The position of  Rajasthan in India as regard to its population is Eighth.

Kund is another name for Tanka.

(B) Hasht bihisht

(b)  Abhaneri 

(A) Taj Mahal

Answer is (B) Yamuna

(C) Both A & B

(B) Charbagh

Though the houses built by the rich and powerful nowadays are very large, they don’t have any beautiful gardens.

Mughal nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river – Yamuna. These were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar bagh format.

Answer is (A) Babur