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Answer is Eurocentric

When India attained independence on 15^th August, 1947 there were as many as 562 small and big states of India. These states had also become free along with India. Had each princely state declared its independence then India would never have attained unity and integrity. There would have been constant conflicts over boundaries, resources of development would have become limited and there would have been disputes between the princely states. All this would have made independence meaningless. Therefore, it was necessary to merge the small and big princely states under the Indian Union and Indians will always be grateful to Sardar Patel and his assistant Mr V. E Menon who carried out this mammoth task successfully with their excellent diplomatic skills.

Answer is Khrushchev

As a child Sai was fascinated by Doll’s Wedding

The grandfather and Sai enjoyed each other’s company as playmates and friends. Both of them skipping, walking, talking, joking etc. While they were walking grandfather asked some simple mathematical questions and also related fables to her. But Sai naturally preferred the fairy tales.

When Sai was eight years old, she had published her first book of fairy tales called ‘Mulancha Mera’. This was the great achievement of Sai as a child.

Usually a playing companion for Sai in her childhood was her grandfather Sir R.P.Paranj pe.

d) all of the above

in 1948  WTO came into existence.

This is a factor of economic globalization. It is the revolution in communication that made this development possible. As computer and the internet chains became widespread, it was possible for banks, corporations, fund managers and depositors to send money to any part of the world within seconds. Of course, there is the possibility of loss of ‘electronic money’ as the transaction happens with a click of the mouse. The rise of fall of share market is an example. We often see heavy losses in the share market. As changing money from one person to another or from one source to another has become very easy, the probability of losses also has increased.

The most significant political change was the disintegration of the socialist world. The Soviet Union and the Socialist countries of Eastern Europe crumbled one by one. This speeded up the globalization process. There was a new approach to economic policies. this is called the new liberalism. Activities undertaken with this approach are called new liberal economic activities.

The liberalization policy in India had a political view. It gave prominence to private enterprise. The basis for this belief was that a free market would be more efficient and better. This political view opposes government interference and subsidies. Globalization includes all kinds of different people without any discrimination of any kind, Another political result of globalization is the formation of regional and international organizations. Countries formed different organizations with the view of political cooperation. 

Some of the important ones are:

a) European Union 

b) ASEAN (Association of southeast Asian Nations) 

c) SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) 

d) SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area)

An International Economic Organization has the power to supervise the economic activities of its member countries. An example is World Trade Organization. As the name indicates trade is its area of interest. It controls the trade matters across the globe.

International organizations like the above are not related to the government of any country. They are independent organizations. They give attention to international matters and decide on policies. Green Peace, Red Cross, Amnesty International, Medicines sans Frontiers, etc. are famous non-government International Organizations.

From time immemorial India had an open mind to cultural influences. We always welcomed different cultures that came to our land. We did not want to be like the frog in the well which does not see, hear, know or understand anything beyond the well. We could receive and absorb many good things from other cultures. 

This open-mindedness to cultures is still maintained in India. Therefore we have open discussions regarding our dress, lifestyle, music, cinema, languages, body language, and all such things.

The Reformists in the 19^th century and the early nationalist leaders frequently talked about culture and tradition. Today also we discuss the same things. The only difference is that now there is greater intensity and breadth in the discussions and debates. It is true that globalization paves the way for the globalization of culture. We can see that from the behavior of the youths of today who copy foreign culture.

With globalization, there came a professional divide. Let us take the example of the company Nike. This company as established in the 1960s. Its growth was phenomenal. The founder of the company Phil Knight imported shoes from Japan and sold them to Athletes and made huge profits. Slowly it became an international company and then a TNC. Its headquarters is in Beaverton in Oregon, USA. The production units of the company were in Japan. When the production cost increased in Japan, the units were moved to South Korea. Later they were moved to Thailand and then to Indonesia. In 1990 production units started in India also. In short, the production units are moved to places where cheap labor is available.

This process affects the workers most. When units are moved to another location they lose their jobs. It means workers have no job security in such units. It is advantageous to the employers. The change from ‘Fordism’ to post-Fordism helped them to make huge profits.

The leap in technology and telecommunication has brought revolutionary changes in the communication field. Today we can communicate with the whole world sitting at home or in our offices. Telephones, mobiles, fax, e-mail, internet etc. have made the world one village.

Digital facilities may not be available in all parts of the country. But in some places, all kinds of facilities exist. This difference is called digital divide. The new means of communication overcome limitations of time and place. A person in India can speak, send documents and pictures to somebody . in America through satellite communication.

Gandhiji was influenced by the European 19th century liberalism in his love for the poor and his dislike for caste system.

The three great Indians who took up the cause of social service are : 

1. Ram Mohan Roy, 

2. Vivekanand, 

3. Mahatma Gandhi.

Context : Here the author tells us about the continuity of Hindu civilization. Our religious books have always inspired us and will go on inspiring in future also. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that Hindu civilization will never cease. But it will go on as usual. The Bhagavad Gita will always teach us to work and Upanishads to think deeply. It is possible that the people of India may follow the labour saving devices of the West but they will not forget the ideals of religious books e.g., the Mahabharata, the Ramayana etc. Calm and gentle happiness has ever been the characteristic of Indian life and people will never forget it. Western hectic ways of hurry and worry will be away from us. 

European 19th century liberalism, discourse of Jesus Christ and Tolstoy moulded Gandhian philosophy. He began to love the poor and disliked caste system.

Context : Here the author says that every Indian concerns with the progress of India. In ancient time they were blind followers of the West. But the people of coming generations do not copy them blindly. They use their own reason. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that only seven years have passed when we ndence. But a great change in the outlook and mentality of our people is noted. We see that the factors of national self-condemnation and unreasoning enthusiasm for the glory of our own country are disappearing. Now the people of India are busy in combining the different people and different elements although this is a very difficult work.

Context : Here the author tells us that most of the Indian people are proud of their culture. Yet they are ready to sacrifice its shortcomings so that India may develop and progress. 

Explanation : Here the author points out that in the present time in India there are so many political and economical problems. They seem to be very difficult to be solved. So, no one can forecast about the future of India. The author says that in ancient time the people were blind followers of the West. But the coming generations will not copy them blindly. They will use their own reason in copying any change in their culture, it is also sure that they will retain the continuity of their culture. After independence, the achievements of India are that the factors of national selfcondemnation and unreasoning enthusiasm for the glory of our country are disappearing.

Hindu civilization will retain its continuity in the following way. The Bhagwad. Gita and Upanishads would inspire the man of actions and thoughts. People will love the tales of the heroes of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Western life of hurry and worry will not touch us. The quiet and gentle happiness, the charm and glory of Indian way of life will continue.

Context : The author says that there are so many old customs in the society, but there is no existence of these customs now. This is only due to the change of time. 

Explanation : The author says that time is changing rapidly. The cruel customs of the Vedic period do not attract a man of modern age. Now Sati Pratha is not in existence. Now widows are not burnt with the dead bodies of their husband. There is no childhood marriage system, because this system is illegal now. In buses, trains and aeroplanes Brahman and Thakur travel with lowest castes. They do not feel ashamed. Now all castes are equal according to law. So the conclusion of author is that the Indian civilization will never perish. Hindu culture is not accepting distinction between persons. Now Indian society is free from untouchability system. There is no high or low caste in Indian society. The process of rejection of distinction between persons began before sometime, but now this process is in high speed. The author’s hope is that after present generation this useless and dangerous evil of caste system will vanish from the society.

Context : Here the author tells us about the continuity of Hindu civilization. Our religious books have always inspired us and will go on inspiring in future also. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that Hindu civilization will never cease. But it will go on as usual. The Bhagavad Gita will always teach us to work and Upanishads to think deeply. It is possible that the people of India may follow the labour saving devices of the West but they will not forget the ideals of religious books e.g., the Mahabharata, the Ramayana etc. Calm and gentle happiness has ever been the characteristic of Indian life and people will never forget it. Western hectic ways of hurry and worry will be away from us.

Hindu civilization will retain its continuity in the following way. The Bhagwad. Gita and Upanishads would inspire the man of actions and thoughts. People will love the tales of the heroes of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Western life of hurry and worry will not touch us. The quiet and gentle happiness, the charm and glory of Indian way of life will continue.

The author predicts about the Indian way of life that future generation will not be following Europeans blindly. They will root out the evils of their traditions but will be aware of the continuity of their culture.

Context : Here the author tells us about the greatness of Indian culture and traditions. For many centuries–there had been no change in it. But in 20th century Gandhiji brought many changes in it and moulded it according to needs of modern society. 

Explanation : In these lines the author says that Indian culture is very old and great. Most of Indian people are proud of their old culture without any distinction of caste or creed. They are also ready to sacrifice the weaknesses of their cult They know well that without removing the weaknesses and shortcomings of Indian culture, country cannot make progress. So, the outlook of every Indian is pragmatic. At present India is facing many difficult political and economical problems. So it can’t be forecasted what would be the future of India.

The author predicts about the Indian way of life that future generation will not be following Europeans blindly. They will root out the evils of their traditions but will be aware of the continuity of their culture.

Correct option is (c) Lord Mountbatten

The old family system is moulding itself to present day conditions.

Indian culture has received, adapted and digested elements of different cultures but itself remained unchanged.

Correct option is (a) Barrister Muhammad Ali Jinnah

1. The Muslim League was adamant on the demand of Pakistan. 

2. It was not satisfied with Cabinet Mission plan as it had no provision for a separate Muslim state. 

3. 16th August 1946 was observed as Direct Action Day. 

4. The followers of Muslim League resorted to violent ways

5. There were Hindu-Muslim riots in various parts of the country. 

6. There were massacres in the Noakhali region in the province of Bengal.

1. England’s Prime Minister Atlee announced the transfer of power would be before June 1948. 

2. He appointed Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy of India who was to arrange the transfer of power. 

3. He held discussions with the leaders of India. 

4. Mountbatten prepared a plan for partition of India i.e., creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan. 

5. The Indian National Congress opposed the plan.

6. But, due to the adamant behaviour of the Muslim League, the Indian National Congress accepted the Plan, with complete helplessness. 

7. On the basis of Mountbatten Plan, Indian Independence Act was passed.

1. The Wavell Plan provided a proper representation to Muslims, Dalits and minorities in the Central and Provincial Legislatures. 

2. It provided for an equal number of Hindu and Muslim members in Viceroy’s Executive Council.

Prime Minister Atlee declared in the British Parliament that England would transfer all of its government responsibility to Indians not later than June 1948.

Correct option is (b) 30 January 194

Correct option is (c) Direct Action

1. The Indian freedom struggle had become very intense during the period of Second World War. The revolt of Navy and Air Force shook the foundation of the British empire. 

2. The demand for independence of India was gaining its strength. 

3. The Muslim League had demanded a separate Muslim nation. 

4. The followers of the Muslim League resorted to violence. 

5. The British government realised that it was necessary to take a serious note of it. They realised that their rule in India will not last long.

Accordingly, the British government started preparing plans for granting Independence to India.

The Wavell Plan could not succeed because

1. Barrister Jinnah insisted that only Muslim League should have the right to suggest the names of Muslim representatives to the Viceroy’s Executive Council. 

2. The Congress opposed this and as a result, no consensus could be arrived at the meeting called by Lord Wavell.

The Interim Government could not work smoothly because the Muslim League followed the policy of obstruction.

(i) Dr. Muhammad Iqbal

(ii) Lord Mountbatten

(iii) Chaudhary Rahmat Ali

(iv) Mahatma Gandhi.

Correct option is (c) Indian Independence Act

1. India attained Independence from the slavery of 150 years. 

2. But, the people were grieved due to the partition of the country and the terrible violence during that period.

So, the joy of attainment of freedom was not untinted.

According to the author many significant changes have taken place in India since freedom. Animal sacrifices, burning of widows on their husband’s pyres and girls’ marriage in childhood have almost been stopped. Untouchability also has almost been abolished. Indians have stopped copying European traditions blindly.

Foreign policy can be defined as a country’s policy that is conceived, designed and formulated to safeguard and promote her national interests in her external affairs, in the conduct of relationships with other countries, both bilaterally and multilaterally.

A. (iii) 

B. (v) 

C. (ii) 

D. (i) 

E. (iv)

Correct Answer is: (a) U.N.O

The recommendations come into effect after the council of ministers approves it.

(a) Information centre (OPEC)