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HCG [human chorionic gonadotropin] is secreted in the pregnant female to extend the life of corpus luteum and stimulates its secretory activity. Presence of HCG in maternal blood and urine is an indication of pregnancy.

(c) It produces multicellular bud.

The living plant cells are said to be totipotent because the whole plant can be regenerated from a single cell.

a. Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA).

b.

Cause: Deletion of ADA gene.

Cure: Bone marrow transplantation/enzyme replacement therapy/giving functional ADA to patient by injection/infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes/introducing gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA into cells at early embryonic stages.

Monascus purpureus statins lower blood cholesterol level by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol.

i) Aspergillus niger (Fungus) – Citric Acid. 

ii) Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) – butyric Acid

(a) The release of an ovum from an ovary is called ovulation. In human females, the ovaries start releasing ovum once every 28 days from the age of puberty. 

(b) Oviducts. 

(c) Fertilisation is possible if mating takes place during the middle of menstrual cycle because in a normal healthy girl the ovulation takes place on the 14th day of the beginning of menstrual cycle of 28 days. 

(d) The embedding of embryo in the thick lining of the uterus is called implantation. 

(e) Placenta – Placenta is a disc like special tissue which develops between the uterus wall and the embryo after implantation. Its function is the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother. 

(f) Umbilical cord. 

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The beginning of the menstrual cycle is called menarche while cessation of menstrual cycle is called menopause.

• Useful aerobic microbes grow rapidly and form flocs.

• Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh-like structures.

• The growing microbes consume organic matter and thus reduce the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

Effluent from the primary settling tank passed into aeration tank, agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it, vigorous growth of aerobic microbes into flocs, microbes consume major part of the organic matter in effluent.

Detailed Answer: 

The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs. While growing, these microbes (flocs). decompose The major part of the organic matter in the effluent. This decreases the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the effluent. Sewage is treated till the BOD is significantly reduced.

(a) R (dominant allele red colour) is not completely dominant over r (recessive allele white colour) / r maintains its originality and reappear in F₂ generation. 

(b) Incomplete dominance.

Detailed Answer : 

(a) The appearance of pink flowers in snapdragon in F₁ generation is not due to blending of genes Rr which are although together in hybrid, because the parental characters i.e. red and white flowers appear again in F₂  generation without any change. 

(b) Neither of the two alleles are completely dominant over the other therefore the phenomenon is called as in Incomplete dominance.

Inactive protoxin produced by Bacillus thuringinsis becomes active at the alkaline PH of the insect gut, the activated toxin binds to the surface of mid gut epithelial cells and creates pores that cause cell swelling and lysis.

Bt toxin exist as inactive protoxins

(b) Acetylcholine

The grooves between the gyri are called Sulci.

Correct Answer is: (A) Corn borer 

The Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named cry. The protein encodes by cry IAb control corn borers. 

The protein encoded by the genes cry I Ac and cry II Ab control the cotton boll worms.

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called Corpus callosum.

(a) ori-origin of replication

(b) Bam HI- restriction enzyme

Cry I Ab …. control corn borer.

(a) Ecoli 

(b) It helps to add nucleotide one by one on template srtand (polymerization of deoxy ribonucleotides)

At the end of repolarization, the membrane potential inside the axolemma becomes negative due to the efflux of K⁺ ions. When it becomes more negative than the resting potential -70 mV to about – 90mV, it becomes hyperpolarised. 

A – motor 

B – Foam breaker 

C- Flat bladed impeller 

D – Acid or base for PH Control

1. Ross closes the office of the ‘Red-headed League’.

2. Holmes visits the area around Mr. Wilson’s shop.

1. (ii) Mendel

2. (i) Pea

3. (i) TT

4. (iii) 7

5. (ii) tt

1. (i) Chromosomes

2. (ii) Nucleus

3. (i) YES

4. (i) Centromere

5. (iii) Chromatids

The items included in the non-material culture are languages and ideologies, all the contributions such as family, marriage and religion are non-material culture.

Material culture are printing press, banks, money and as per like.

Yes, socialization a biological process.

The peer group consists of his agemates, Playmates, Statusmates, those who from the inner circle of friends, classmates, workmates etc.

Yes, school is an authoritarian agent of socialization.

(i) According to Malinowski: 

“Culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends” 

(ii) According to Robert Bierstedt:

"Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society".

1. (i) DNA

2. (ii) Genes

3. (iv) Gametes

4. (iv) 4

5. (ii) 2

1. (ii) Pea

2. (i) Round seed

3. (ii) Yellow cotyledons

4. (i) Full pod

5. (ii) Axial pods

1. (i) Gametes

2. (ii) Sperm

3. (i) Ovum

4. (iii) Zygote

5. (ii) Meiosis

Yes, socialization a learning process.

1. (i) TRUE

2. (iii) 3 : 1

3. (iv) 9 :3 :3 : 1

4. (ii) Recessive

5. (i) Two capital letters

1. (i) Mendel

2. (i) Plant breeding and hybridization

3. (ii) Genetics

4. (iii) Pisum sativum

5. (i) Garden Pea

1. (i) TRUE

2. (ii) Natural selection

3. (i) TRUE

4. (ii) NO

5. (i) YES

Sigmund Freud has suggested that at this stage the boy develops “Oedipus complex” that is a feeling of jealously towards his father and love towards his mother.

The oral stage commences at birth and continues till the completion of first year. At birth the child faced the first crisis that is he must breath exert himself to fed, exposed to conditions of wet and other discomforts. Here the child cries a lot for everything, by this the child establishes oral dependency and also learns to signal his needs for care.

The personality of the child, his role and that of the mother are not probably clearly distinguished. Hence the infant and mother are merged Sigmund Freud called this stage as the stage of a primary identification.

The concept of socialization is one of the central concepts in sociology. It is a learning process by which an individual develops into a social being and is able to function in society. Child rearing, formal education, acculturation and role learning are all socializing processes that help to mould individuals to the ways of their society & culture. Socialization begins almost at birth and continues throughout life.

The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. It is gradually moulded into social being and he leams the social ways of acting and feeling. Without this process of moulding the society could not continue itself, nor could culture does not exist, nor could the individual becomes a person. This process of moulding is called “Socialization”.

According to H. M. Johnson: 

“Socialization in the learning process that enables the learner to perform social roles”. 

According to Ogburn & Nimkoff: 

“Socialization is the process by which the individual terms to conform to the norms of the group”.

On the basis of above given definition we can draw the fact that socialization is a learning process by which one acquires the culture of his group. This will help an individual to develop his Self concept. He is converted into an active member of the community.

According to Malinowski: 

“culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends”.

Characteristics of culture are:

Culture is learnt: Culture is often understood as learned ways of behaviors. Culture is not an inborn tendency. It is acquired or learnt. It includes those learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Therefore what is learned through socialization and are acquired in group life are what is called culture.

Culture is Social: Culture is not the property of any individual. It is the social heritage of man. It is a way of group life. It originates in and develops through social interaction. It consists of a number of behavior patterns that are common to a group of people. It is the inclusive of all expectation of the members of the groups. Thus culture is a social products shared by most of the members of the group.

Culture is Shared: Culture is a social property. It belongs to the group. The elements of culture such as customs beliefs, idea, folkways, mores, and language are all belonged to the people of a group. These are commonly shared by the members of a group. So culture is the product of groups life. Culture cannot be hidden and used by one individual. 

According to Robert Bierstadt.

 “Culture is something adopted, used believed, practiced or possessed by more than one person”.

Culture is Transmissive: Culture is the total social heritage. It is linked with the past. The past continues because it lives in culture. Culture is something that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is passed through language. Language is the chief vehicles of culture. Culture is also passed from one generation to another through traditions and customs. It is a product of human experience.

1. (iii) Both A and B

2. (i) TRUE

3. (ii) Proteins

4. (i) 1 each from both

5. (ii) Diploid

1. (i) DNA

2. (ii) Mutation

3. (ii) NO

4. (i) TRUE

5. (ii) FALSE

Socialization is Social Learning Process: As it is made in the definitions cited previously socialization is learning social roles and social rules. Socialization is a process in which the newborn individual is inducted into the social world. It is the process of culture learning also. As Richard T. Schaefer has pointed out, “Socialization is the process whereby people leam the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as member of a particular culture”.

Socialization is a continuous process: It is a process of inducting the individual into the social world. It consists in teaching culture which he must acquire and share. Socialization is social learning. This learning is not intermittent but continuous. The more we try to lean the more remains to be leant. Perfection in social learning is rarely achieved. The process of socialization is something that continues throughout life.

The concept of socialization is one of the central concepts in sociology. It is a learning process by which an individual develops into a social being and is able to function in society. Childrearing, formal education, acculturation and role learning are all socializing processes that help to mould individuals to the ways of their society & culture. Socialization begins almost at birth and continues throughout life.

The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. It is gradually molded into social being and he learns the social ways of acting and feeling. Without this process of moulding the society could not continue itself, nor could culture does not exist, nor could the individual becomes a person. This process of moulding is called “Socialization”.

According to H. M. Johnson: 

“Socialization in the learning process that enables the learner to perform social roles”. 

According to Ogburn & Nimkoff: 

“Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”.

On the basis of above given definition we can draw the fact that socialization is a learning process by which one acquires the culture of his group. This will help an individual to develop his Self concept. He is converted into an active member of the community.

The concept of cultural lag was first introduced by W. F. Ogbum published in his book entitled ‘Social change’ in 1922. In his book he had delineated the two aspects of culture-material and non material. In that context he introduced the concept of cultural lag. By the very natural of it the material aspects changes quickly but the non material changes but slowly. The change between material and non material culture is called gap or lag. The word lag denotes crippled movement of one part of culture as compared with the other. Culture has two parts, material and non-material. Both be changed by human begins.

In the process of change Ogbum believes that both the material culture and nonmaterial culture undergoes change. But the nonmaterial culture according to Ogbum is often slow to respond to the rapid changes in material culture. When non material culture cannot adjust itself to the material culture it falls behind the two. According to Ogbum this gap between the material culture and non-material culture is called “cultural lag”.

In the words of Ogbum “the strain that exists between two correlated parts of culture that change at unequal rates of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at the slowest rate for the one lags behind the other”. For example a lag is seen when people change method of cultivation without change in the land owning system. Thus according to Ogbum one of the main problems of adjustment in modem society is due to problem of uneven speed of change in material and non material culture.

1. (i) Monohybrid cross

2. (iv) All have the same genotype

3. (iv) All have the same genotype

4. (ii) 1 : 02 : 01

5. (iii) 3 : 1

H. M. Johnson has listed four stages of socialization. 

The oral stage: The oral stage commences at birth and continues till the completion of first year. At birth the child faced the first crisis that is he must breath exert himself to fed, exposed to conditions of wet and other discomforts. Here the child cries a lot for everything; by this the child establishes oral dependency and also learns to signal his needs for care.

In this stage the child is founding sub system consisting of two persons himself and his mother. For others the child is little more than a possession. The child cannot differentiate the role of others from the mother. Thus in this stage in the personality of the child, his role and that of the mother are not probably clearly distinguished. Hence the infant and mother are merged. Sigmund Freud called the stage as the stage of a “Primary Identification”.