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The empire was divided into twelve provinces or subahs, which was further subdivided into sarkars and each sarkar into parganas or mahals. Each Subah was headed by one governor who was called the subahdar or sipah salar or nazim. He was usually a mansabdar of high rank. His functions included maintenance of law and order, enforcement of imperial decrees, administration of criminal justice and the smooth collection of revenue. The provincial diwan was incharge of revenue administration of the province. His responsibilities were similar to those of the central diwan. Besides the subahdar and the diwan, the other important officials in the province were faujdar, kotwal, bakhshi, sadr qazi and muhtasib.

• The revolts of the Sikhs and Rajputs continued for a long time. 
• Aurangzeb lost enormous wealth, a large part of his army and worst of all, his prestige. 
• Many provinces of his empire became free. 
• The Deccan wars sapped Aurangzeb’s economic power as well as military strength.

The mansabdari system introduced by Akbar was a uqique feature of the administrative system of the lytughal empire. The mansabdars formed the ruling group of the Mughal empire with a rank of (mansab). With a great power of civil and army control the rank ranged from number 10 to 5000 for nobles. The ranks were again divided into ‘zat’ and ‘sawar’. For every ten cavalrymen, the mansabdar had to maintain twenty horses.

Under mansabdari system, the capable candidates were chosen the Mansabdars by the emperor Akbar. They were directly appointed by the emperor and they acted both as military commanders and civil administrators. This system made quite easy to administer the vast kingdom efficiently and conveniently.

The mansabdari system introduced by Akbar was a unique feature of the administrative system of the Mughal gmpire.The mansabdars formed the ruling group of the Mughal empire with a rank of (mansab). With a great power of civil and army control the rank ranged from number 10 to 5000 for nobles. The ranks were again divided into ‘zat’ and ‘sawar’. For every ten cavalrymen, the mansabdar had to maintain twenty horses.

During the Mughal Age, society looked like a feudal organisation with the king at its apex. Next in rank to the king were the nobles, who enjoyed special honors and privileges. With abundant resources at their disposal, the rich indulged in luxury and led a comfortable life. They lived in highly decorated palatial buildings and amused themselves with outdoor sports as well as indoor games.Below the nobles, there was the middle class, which was living according to the standard suited to their respective offices and professions. The merchants in general led simple life. According to some European writers, the merchants of the western coast, having made much wealth out of their extensive commerce, lived in a comparatively rich style. The condition of the lower order was hard as compared with that of the two higher classes. They did not have sufficient clothing and woolen garments and shoes were above their means. As their other demands were few, they did not suffer from want of ordinary food but in times of famine and scarcity, their miseries must have been great. The shopkeepers, though sometimes rich and respected, generally kept their wealth hidden.

Abul Fazl, Nizamuddin and Badauni were the famous historians in Akbar’s court.

1. Rana Pratap Singh 

2. Raja Todarmal 

3. Akbar 

4. Aurangzeb

• The members were designated as ‘Singh’. 
• They had to possess the five K’s at ail times. 
• These were ‘kesh, (long hair), Kanga; (comb), kirpan, (sword), Kachcha: (a pair of knicker – bockers) and kara; (steel bracelet)’. This system is prevalent among sikhs even today.

Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system. According to this system, the nobles, civil and military officials were combined to form one single service. Everyone in the service was given a mansab, meaning a position or rank. A Mansabdar was a holder of such a rank. Mansabdar rank was dependent on Zat and Sawar.

Zat fixed the personal status of a person and the salary due to him. The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in court and the larger his salary.The sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen or sawar a mansabdar was required to maintain. For every ten cavalrymen, the mansabdar had to maintain twenty horses.

Babur was the founder of the Mughal Dynasty.

Akbar introduced Mansabdari system

Rana Pratap Singh opposed Akbar.

• Akbar’s minister, Raja Todarmal, framed the land revenue system. 
• Under the system, the land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility of the soil.

• He appointed Hindus to high pots in his court. 
• He withdrew the personal tax called Ziziya which was imposed on Hindus. 
• Akbar’s land revenue policy was well received by the people.

(b) Raja Todarmal

• Rana Pratap Singh opposed Akbar. He was a proud and brave warrior. 
• A fierce battle took place at Haldighat (Rajasthan). 
• Though Rana Pratap Singh was defeated in the battle, he did not bow down to Akbar.

(c) Haldighat

(b) (II), (III) and (IV) are correct

The British established their trade centres at Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Bombay (Mumbai).

(a) R is the correct explanation of A

1. Chetak 

2. Ibadatkhana 

3. Salim Chishti 

4. Shah Jahan 

5. Suyurghal

(a) R is the correct explanation of A

(a) FarghanaI

1. True 

2. False 

3. False

4. True

5. False

Babur chose his eldest son, Humayun as his heir.

1. – c 

2. – d 

3. – a 

4. – e 

5. – b

1. Timur 

2. Defender of faith 

3. Agra

4. Bairam Khan 

5. Hemu 

6. Second battle of Panipat 

7. Nur Jahan 

8. Thomas Roe 

9. Kotwalsi 

10. Sawar 

11. Portuguese

1. True 

2. False 

3. True 

4. True 

5. False

On the basis -of the Study of the picture of the Taj Mahal, the given questions are answered below: 

(a) The Taj Mhhal is located at Agra. 

(b) It was built bv Shah Jahan. 

(c) Ustad Isa designed the monument. 

(d) 1. It is made of pure white marble 

2. It stands on a raised platform and is surmounted by cupolas at each corner 

3. Four Minarets stand at each corner of the terrace.

The two participants are the poet and the rain. The poet makes the rain relate its own story. This direct presentation makes the narration more authentic, interesting and captivating.

The poem begins in a conversational tone. The two voices in the poem are the voice of the poet and the voice of the rain. The lines that indicate the voice of the poet and the rain are, “And who art thou? Said I to the soft-falling shower,” and the lines that indicate the voice of the rain are, “I am the Poem of Earth, said the voice of the rain”.

The phrase ‘strange to tell’ means that it is quite strange for the poet to believe and express in words that the soft-falling rain replied to his question. At the beginning of the poem, the poet inquires the rain about its identity, to which the rain replies that it is the ‘Poem of Earth’.

The lines, “I am the Poem of Earth”, said by the voice of the rain, reflects a connection between rain and poetry. This connection becomes more conspicuous in the final two lines, “(For song, issuing from its birth-place, after fulfilment, wandering Reck’d or Unreck’d, duly with love returns)”.

In these lines, the poet draws similarities between rain and music observing that the life¬cycle of rain and song are alike. The song issues from the heart of the poet and travels to reach others. It wanders and, whether heard and enjoyed or not, eventually returns to its creator with all due love. Similarly, rain originates from the earth, and after fulfiling its role of spreading beauty and purity, returns to its origin. Both are perpetual in nature. Moreover, the sound of the soft-falling rain is in itself a kind of music.

Correct option is C. Litotes

The rain narrates the journey of its life – from birth to return to origin in mythical terms. The facts are scientific but the phrases that convey them are metaphoric and literary. The whole journey has a beauty and charm associated with a poem.

Data : R = 2 × 10⁴ W/m² , R_b = 5 × 10⁴ W/m² 

The coefficient of emission (emissivity) of A,

e = \(\frac{R}{R_b}\) = \(\frac{2\times10^4W/m^2}{5\times10^4W/m^2}\) = 0.4

Correct option is A. Alliteration

Correct option is D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

Data : \(\frac{dQ}{dt}\) = 551.1 W,

T = 27 °C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K,

σ = 5.67 × 10^-8 W/m² .K⁴

Let A be the surface area of the body. Energy radiated per unit time,

\(\frac{dQ}{dt}\) = AσT⁴

\(\therefore\) A = \(\frac{\frac{dQ}{dt}}{σT^4}\) = \(\frac{551.1}{(5.67\times10^{-8})(300)^4}\)

= 1.2 m²

Correct option is B. Personification

1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9,.....

Here, the reciprocal sequence is 3, 5, 7, 9,…

t₁ = 3, t₂ = 5, t₃ = 7, t₄ = 9, ….

t₂ – t₁ = t₃ – t₂ = t₄ – t₃ = 2 = constant

∴ The reciprocal sequence is an A.P.

∴ The given sequence is a H.P.

Since the number of bacteria in culture doubles every hour, increase in number of bacteria after every hour is in G.P.

\(\therefore\) a = 50, r = 100/50 = 2

t_n = ar^n-1

To find the number of bacteria at the end of the 5th hour.

(i.e., to find the number of bacteria at the beginning of the 6th hour, i.e., to find t₆.)

\(\therefore\) t₆ = ar⁵

 = 50 x (2⁵)

 = 50 x 32

 = 1600

It is given that the number of bacteria doubles every hour. Therefore, the

number of bacteria after every hour will form a G.P.

Here, a = 30 and r = 2 a₃ = ar² = (30) (2)² = 120

Therefore, the number of bacteria at the end of 2nd hour will be 120.

a₅ = ar⁴ = (30) (2)⁴ = 480

The number of bacteria at the end of 4th hour will be 480.

a_{n +1} = arⁿ = (30) 2ⁿ

Thus, number of bacteria at the end of nth hour will be 30(2)ⁿ.

Differences between the large intestine and small intestine:

Digestion of proteins : 

(i) Protein digestion does not take place in the mouth. 

(ii) Gastric juices of the stomach contains the proteolytic proenzymes, pepsinogen and prorennin which are activated by the hydrochloric acid present in the gastric juice. Pepsin acts on proteins and converts them into proteoses and peptones. Rennin hydrolyses milk protein caesin into paracaesin. 

Proteins \(\overset{pepsin}{\rightarrow}\) Proteoses, peptones and large peptides. 

Caesin \(\overset{Rennin}{\rightarrow}\) Paracaesin 

Paracaesin + Ca→ Calcium paracaesinate 

Calcium paracaesinate \(\overset{pepsin}{\rightarrow}\) Peptones 

(iii) In small intestine, digestion of protein takes places with the help of enzymes of pancreatic juice and intestinal juices. 

(a) Pancreatic juices contains trypsin chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. Trypsin acts on proteins, proteoses and peptones and converts them into smaller peptides or dipeptides.

Caryboxypeptidase acts on the terminal peptide bond and release the last amino acid and progressively shorten the peptide chain. 

(b) Intestinal juice contains enterokinase, aminopeptidase and dipeptidases.

Hiatus hernia.

The pharynx is divisible into three parts: 

(i) Nasopharynx, (ii) oropharynx, (iii) Laryngo-pharynx.