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(c) International Monetary Fund – Washington DC

Haryana (877 females per thousand males).

Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, in the year 1973.

Delhi is highest (11297) whereas Andaman & Nicobar Islands have lowest density (463) of population.

Mumbai is the most populous city in India with 1.63 million population.

Road transportation in India faces several problems. Increasing traffic and passengers is making road transport inadequate for use. About half of the roads are unmetalled, and this limits their usage during the rainy season. Also, the national highways are inadequate. The roadways in the cities are highly congested, and bridges and culverts are old and narrow. Priority areas are the roadways that connect cities and towns, and within the cities, it is the bridges as they have become old.

It is a programme to reduce the number of persons in a family. The first camp is hold 1961 in Maharastra.

(i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. 

(ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. 

(iii) It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government:

(i) The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)—N.W. No. 1 

(ii) The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)—N.W. No. 2 

(iii) The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km)—N.W. No. 3

According to 2011 Census, the total population of India was 121.01 crores.

Six mail channels for quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities are: 

(i) Rajdhani Channel 

(ii) Metro Channel 

(iii) Green Channel 

(iv) Business Channel 

(v) Bulk Mail Channel 

(vi) Periodical Channel

The length of road per sq km of area is known as road density. Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Three of them are given below: 

(i) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. 

(ii) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season. 

(iii) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 

(iv) The National Highways are inadequate too.

Railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels in the hilly terrains of peninsular region. In the places such as Himalayan regions, it is not favourable to construct railway lines. In the past, it was difficult to lay railway lines in desserts of Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat and forest areas of Madhya Pradesh. Recently, the development of Konkan railways in the west coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most economic region of India.

The improvements made by the Indian Railways in its functioning: 

(i) Narrow gauges have been converted into broad gauges. 

(ii) Track electrification 

(iii) Automatic signals on the trunk routes.

The values associated with tourism are: 

(i) It promotes national integration. 

(ii) It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. 

(iii) It develops international understanding among countries. 

(iv) It increases foreign exchange. 

Our country earns foreign exchange through tourism. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspects of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It promotes National Integration and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. It has contributed 21,828 crore of foreign exchange in the year 2004. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year.

Our country earns foreign exchange through tourism. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspects of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It promotes National Integration and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. It has contributed 21,828 crore of foreign exchange in the year 2004. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year.

Mass communication is a communication in which masses are communicated at the same time by one source. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.

All India Radio (AIR) (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country

Doordarshan: The national television channel of India is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, education to sports, etc. for people of different age groups. 

Both radio and television are very effective means of communication in India because they are spread in every corner of the country. People of all classes enjoy them.

India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of different types depending upon their periodicity. Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects.

(d) SDRs – Monetary

(d) SAARC – Investment

(i) The air travel is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. 

(ii) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, and dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease. 

(iii) Airways have made access easier in the north-eastern part of the country which has big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. 

(iv) It is very useful especially during natural calamities.

It is an official periodic count of population. This includes the information such as Sex, age, occupation, etc is called census.

The Indian Railways have a network of 7,031 stations spread over a route length of 63,221 km with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31 March 2004. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking of India. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. It is organised into 16 railway zones.

Railways are the prime mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct varied activities like business, sightseeing and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. They are suitable for long distance travel and play an important role in national integration. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has simplified the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India.

Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India: 

The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. 

(i) The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density, vast level land, and rich agricultural resources. 

(ii) Rivers create problem in laying down of railway tracts because they require construction of bridges across the wide beds of the rivers. 

(iii) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. 

(iv) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. 

(v) It was equally difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well. 

Problems faced by the Indian Railways 

(i) Many passengers travel without tickets. 

(ii) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. 

(iii) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.

Mass communication is a communication in which masses are communicated at the same time by one source. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.

All India Radio (AIR) (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country

Doordarshan: The national television channel of India is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, education to sports, etc. for people of different age groups. 

Both radio and television are very effective means of communication in India because they are spread in every corner of the country. People of all classes enjoy them.

India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of different types depending upon their periodicity. Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects.

(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’

Correct Answer is :(d) America

New Development Bank is associated with BRICS.

(c) To facilitate low standard of living

(c) Big market

Railways are one of the principal modes of transport in India. They take the largest public undertaking in the country. Indian railways are now divided into 16 zones.

Indian railway is divided into sixteen zones. One of them is eastern railways. The headquarters of the eastern railway is situated in Fairley Palace in Kolkata which has four sub-divisions: Howrah, Malda, Sealdah and Asansol.

The important factors are:

1. Physical features – The Mountain and hilly regions are most unstable for human habitation. For example; Northern Mountain, Western and Eastern Ghats, North Eastern hilly regions are moderately populated. The fertile great plains of North India and the river deltas have high density of population.

2. Climate – The density of population is high in good climatic regions. But the-very hot or cold and very dry climatic regions have low density of population. 

3. Soils – The fertile soil regions have high crop productivity. So, the Northern, Eastern and Western coastal plains are most densely populated. In contrast, infertile sandy areas are less productive and they are low populated. 

4. Resources – Mineral and power resources promote rapid economic development. Therefore, such areas are densly populated. For example, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal etc.

5. Industries, Trade and Commerce – Highly industrialized, Commercial and business areas of the country have densly populated. For example Mumbai, Surat, Bhilai, Duigapur, Bangalore etc.

6. Security – People like to stay in a good security of life and property. Hence it is also influenced on population distribution. For example, Border areas of Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan are sparsely populated.

(c) This group of nations is expecially meant for NorthNorth frame work for co-operation

The Indian Railways have a network of 7,031 stations spread over a route length of 63,221 km with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31 March 2004. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking of India. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. It is organised into 16 railway zones.

Railways are the prime mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct varied activities like business, sightseeing and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. They are suitable for long distance travel and play an important role in national integration. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has simplified the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India.

Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India: 

The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. 

(i) The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density, vast level land, and rich agricultural resources. 

(ii) Rivers create problem in laying down of railway tracts because they require construction of bridges across the wide beds of the rivers. 

(iii) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. 

(iv) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. 

(v) It was equally difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well. 

Problems faced by the Indian Railways 

(i) Many passengers travel without tickets. 

(ii) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. 

(iii) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

Road transport is economical in transportation of few people and smaller amount of goods. It reduces cost. 

• Road transport do not need a station or a port (sea port and air port). It can cover short distances easily and quickly. 
• There are a large variety of vehicles on the roads, carrying one, two or more than sixty persons. They can negotiate traffic jams. 
• They provide door to door service. 
• Road transport like rickshaws, bicycles, autos and scooters can negotiate the narrow and congested lanes and by-lanes and carry people and goods. 

Road transport in India is complementary to railways in the following ways

(i) Road transport is suitable for short distances, whereas rail transport is more suitable for long distances.

(ii) Bulky and non-perishable goods are transported by railways over long distances and longer time, whereas perishable goods can be transported by roads in shorter time.

(iii) Railways can halt only at specie destinations where loading/unloading facilities are available, but vehicles on the road can be loaded or unloaded virtually anywhere.

The distribution of railway network depends upon physiographic, economic and administrative factors. 

The following are the conditions responsible for uneven distribution pattern of the railway network in India. 

• The northern plains have dense network of railways due to extensive level land, agriculturally and industrially productive region and support high density of population which is favourable for the development of railways. However, the presence of large number of rivers requires the construction of bridges across the rivers which poses some difficulties. 
• In the hilly regions of the north and the peninsular plateau regions, railways are constructed through narrow gaps, or tunnels. 
• The Himalayas region has less network of railways due to rugged terrain, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. 
• In the sandy plains of western Rajasthan, swampy regions of Gujarat, thickly forested regions of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, construction of railways is difficult and expensive.
• Recently, the development of Konkan railway along the western coast has contributed to the movement of goods and passengers through the passes and gaps along the Western Ghats to link the most economic region of India.

Major problems faced by road transport are: 

• In terms of volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. 
• About half of the roads are unmetalled and get damaged during the rainy season. 
• The number of National Highways is inadequate and are poorly maintained. 
• The roads are congested in cities and are lacking safety measures. 
• Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Improvements made by Indian railways in its functioning are: 

• Construction of new railway lines and extension of additional routes along certain routes. 
• Electrification of railway network. 
• Introduction of super fast trains like Shatabadi, Rajdhani, etc. 
• Computerised reservation of booking and cancellation of tickets.

The following are the major problems faced by the Indian Railways:

• Passengers travel without ticket. 
• Thefts and damages of railways property. 
• Unnecessary chain pulling by the passengers cause delays. 

We can help the Indian Railways to run the trains as per schedule by: 

• keeping the trains tracks clean, clear and well maintained. 
• avoiding the pulling of chains for unnecessary reasons. 
• avoiding the damage done to the railway property. 

Railways are the most important mode of transport in India due to the following reasons:

(i) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India, as they link different parts of the country.

(ii) They carry huge loads and bulky goods to long distances.

(iii) Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with goods transportation-over longer distances.

(iv) Railways make have been a great integrating force for the nation, for more than 150 years now.

(v) They have been helpful in binding the economic life of the country and cultural fusion.

(vi) They have accelerated the development of the industry and agriculture.

Improvements made by the Indian Railways in its functioning are as follow:

(1)  Steam engines are replaced by diesel and electric engines.

(2) E-ticket and I-ticket facilities are available.

(3) Conversion of metre and narrow gauges into broad gauges.

(4) Extension of rail routes.

(5) Better facilities on railway platforms.

(6) The introduction of mono and metro rail.

Correct option is: (A) conduction

1. Conduction: It is a process of transmission of heat in solids, without the actual movement of the particles. 

2. Convection: It is a process of transmission of heat in fluids (liquids and gases) with the actual movement of particles.

3. Radiation: It is a process of transmission of heat without any medium.

The solar constant is defined as the amount of heat radiation absorbed normally per second per unit area of a perfect black body placed on the earth at a mean distance from the sun in the absence of atmosphere. 

The value of solar Constant is 1350 W/m².

Solar constant: [MT^-3] 

Water equivalent: [M]

Emissivity of a perfect black body is unity.

We have

H = σεA(T⁴ – T₀⁴ )

Here, T = (28 + 273) K = 301 K

T₀ = (20 + 273)K

= 293 K

H = (5.67 × 10^-8 Wm^-2 K^-4 ) × 0.97 × 2m² [(301k)⁴ – (293K)⁴ ]

= 92.2 W

Here, since (T - T₀) is small, let us also calculate H by using the approximate form of Stefan Boltzmann law. We have

H = σεA(T - T₀)

= 5.67 × 10^-8 × 0.97 × 2 × 17 W

= 88 W

The approxmate value is thus (nearly) 4.3% lower than its more exact value.