Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Our northern border is defined by the lofty Himalayan ranges.

River Ganga flows eastwards, River Narmada flows westwards, Vinganga flows southwards, Godavari and Kaveri flow eastwards.

River Kaveri and River Krishna.

River Jhelum, River Ravi, River Chenab and River Satluj join River Indus. They flow to the south.

To the North of India lies the river basin of Ganga.

In the Lakshadweep lies Chettlon, Andron, Kalpeni, Tree island. In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie Car Nicobar, South Andaman, Coco Island, North Andaman and Middle Andaman.

Involuntary activities are controlled by mid brain and hind brain. Reflex action also involuntary activity.

Sense organs are called receptors

(i) Tongue→ Gustatory receptors

(ii) Nose→ Olfactory receptors

The sensory area of the brain receives information, interprets it and makes a rapid decision → message transmitted to motor area → motor neuron sends information to receptor organ → controlled by medulla in the hind brain.

The Gandhara school of art developed in the region around Takshashila, under the influence of Greek art. Realistic, proportionate, and delicate work in stone were some of the characteristic features of this style. Many images of Gautama Buddha have been sculptured in this style.

Dendrite is the part of the neuron where information is acquired.

Cerebellum is the part of the brain which controls posture and balance of the body.

Neuron is the largest cell present in the human body.

1. When glucose levels in the blood fall, hunger pangs occur in the stomach. 

2. Ghrelin hormone is secreted in the stomach when it goes empty.

3. Ghrelin is secreted from certain cell walls of the stomach. 

4. Hunger contractions (hunger pangs) start to occur in the stomach due to secretion of ghrelin hormone. 

5. Hunger pangs continue up to 30 – 45 minutes. 

6. An increase in Ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

1. Generally we feel hunger when our stomach goes empty. 

2. When our stomach goes empty Ghrelin hormone is released and it causes the feeling of hunger. 

3. As well leptin hormone also released, but it causes the feeling of suppression of hunger.

4. Not only these, when we saw a colourful and good smelling food, automatically we feel hunger. So, the sight of seeing a good food also causes feeling of hunger. 

5. If the food doesn’t have good colour, texture, good smell we can’t eat, even though it is a good food. 

6. All the feelings towards food are recieved by our eyes, nose, tongue. 

7. From these, information is sent to brain, from there signals are sent to stomach and causes feelings either positive or negative. 

8. Hormones are also responsible for most of the feelings of hunger.

1. When glucose levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in the stomach. Feeling hungry lies in the physiology of blood circulation. 

2. The secretion of the hormone GHRELIN starts in the stomach when it goes empty.

3. Hunger contractions start to occur in the stomach due to hunger generating signals that reach the brain from the stomach due to ghrelin. 

4. So Rajesh effected with secretion of ghrelin in his stomach and he felt hungry when he saw food. 

5. Sheela was not affected with secretion of ghrelin in her stomach. She felt that her stomach is full. 

6. When we feel the stomach is full and there is no need of food any more, another hormone LEPTIN is secreted that supresses hunger.

1. Mouth plays a major role in changing the texture of food. 

2. The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around. 

3. The teeth grind, chew and shred the food. 

4. The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions, while the deep muscles of the jaw move up, down, forward and backward during food mastication.

5. The teeth help in cutting and grinding while tongue movements evenly spread out the food and help in mixing it with saliva. 

6. The muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed in the oral cavity and to be moved around.

7. By all this we can say that mouth is a munching machine.

Correct option is: B) diencephalon

Correct option is: A) assimilation of energy from food

Wings of butterfly are made up of chitin. They neither have bones, nor muscles in the wings. The bat’s wings are actually patagium. They have muscles and bones just as those seen in all vertebrate limb series. Therefore, these two examples cannot be homologous. However, both the animals use the wings for flight. This is an indication that their function is similar but structure is different, hence they are analogous organs.

Correct answer is C.

In the year 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns and Erich Tschermark independently rediscovered the research carried out by Mendel, his experiments on heredity and variations and laid the basis of modern genetics.

Correct Answer is: C. Both A and B 

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the ovary and the placenta with important effects in the female reproductive system and during pregnancy. In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix.

Correct Answer is: A) Homologous organ

Wings of insects, Pterodactyl, birds and bats are meant for flying but with different origin. The organs of the body which are smaller and simpler than those in related species. 

They have lost, or almost lost their original functions are said to be vestigial organs.

Fertilization of gametes is the critical event in sexual reproduction

Heroine/smack, morphine; morphine obtained from the latex of unripe capsules of poppy plant (Papaver somniferous) is an effective painkiller and sedative, heroin (a derivative of morphine) is used as a drug. If these drugs are taken for the purpose other than medicinal or taken in larger doses that may impair the physical & mental state of a person it is said .person it said to be abused.

Both are obtained from a plant "Paparter somniferum". Heroin is related morphine as it obtained by acetylation of the later. Morphine is a sedative while heroin is a depressant.

(i) True fruit : It is the fruit which develops only from the ovary part of  flower.  e,g., maize, wheat. 

(ii) False fruit  : It is the fruit which develops from ovary but in addition, other parts of the flower-like thalamus, calyx or corolla also take part in fruit formation e.g., apple, strawberry. 

(iii) Parthenocarpic fruits : These are the fruits which develop without the act of fertilization. e.g., Banana.

Smoking increases the carbon monoxide (CO) content in the blood which has the Sreater affinity to haemoglobin than oxygen. CO forms a stable bond with haemoglobin and does not allow binding of oxygen. It reduces a concentration of haem bound oxygen and causes oxygen deficiency in the body.smoking also damages alveolar walls, which reduces respirators surface(emphysema).

Because smoking paves the way to hard drugs, causes increased chances of cancer particularly of lungs cause oxygen deficiency in the body. Nicotine (in cigarette) stimulates adrenal gland, which raises blood pressure/increases heart rate. It increases carbon mono oxide (CO) in blood and reduces oxyhaemoglobin. This causes O₂ deficiency in the body. Therefore, the adolescents are advised not to smoke

Marijuana & hashish both are obtained from the plant Cannabis Sativa. They affect the cardiovascular system of the body.

Ganja is obtained from cannbis sative/hemplant.

It is hellucinogenic alters perception causes illusion and damages cardio vascular system.

Smack (Heroin) a chemical diacetyl morphine is obtained from a plant known as poppy papawer somniferum.

It is Depressant and slows down the body functions.

Coconut is an endospermous seed. Reserve food materials like fat, oil, etc. are stored in endosperm, in which the prominent part is endosperm and small sized embryo is situated at one end of the endosperm.

Advantage: Self-pollination is assured, thus ensuring seed formation. 

Disadvantage: Least variations observed and it leads to inbreeding depression.

UGA is a stop or termination codon. 

UAA, UAG are the other stop codons of the category. 

They prevent the elongation of the polypeptide chain by terminating translation.

Nitrogen oxide (NO) released from exhaust systems of car or supersonic jet aeroplanes and chlorofluorocarbons (Freons) used in aerosol sprays and refrigerators deplete ozone layer.

The codon AUG initiates protein synthesis whereas the codon UGA stops protein synthesis.

(a) (i) He can grow thousands of plants through tissue culture of meristem by micro-propagation.

(ii) He can also remove the meristem and grow it in-vitro  using tissue culture technique.

(b) Although the plant is infected with a virus, the meristern (apical and axillary) is free of viruses.

Failure of segregation of chromosomes.

It is the process of the development of embryo from the zygote.

Juvenile phase. In plants it is called as vegetative phase. Infact, it is the pre-reproductive period in the life cycle of an individual

1. Many animals live in colonies. Ex: Elephants, ants, honey bees. 
2. The ant colony consists of workers, soldiers, female and male ants.

(i) There is a great tendency of synchromization between male and female sexes i.e, they release the mature gamete simultaneously in water. 

(ii) They release a large number of gametes in the surround medium (water) so that there may be greater chances of syngamy i.e., the fusion of male and female gametes.

The events prior to the fusion of gametes.

'A' Nodes

Function - vegetative propagation.

(b) The cell divides unequally. The smaller cell develops into a bud