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The meristematic tissue is made up of the cells which have the capability to divide. Meristems in plants are restricted to a specialised regions and responsible to the growth of plants.

Types of Meristematic tissues:

(i) Apical meristem :

 • Occurs at the tips of roots and shoots.

 • Primary meristem

• Increase the length of plant.

(ii) Intercalary meristem :

• Occurs between mature tissue.

• Primary meristem

• Capable of forming branch and flower.

(iii) Lateral meristem :

• Occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots.

• Secondary meristem.

• Appears later than primary meristem and responsible for secondary growth.

Root Apex: (i) It is found at the tip of main root and its branches. 

(ii) It is derived from radicle part of the embryo and its derivatives, in case of tap root system. 

(iii) In adventitious roots, it is produced from the derivatives of shoot apex. 

(iv) The root apex is sub-terminal because it is covered by the root cap. 

(v) The root apical meristerm (root apex) gives rise to three meristematic region: (i) Protoderm, (ii) Procambium, (iii) Ground meristem. 

(i) Protoderm form epiblema and root cap (calyptra). However, in monocots, the root cap is derived from a special meristematic region at the end of the root called calyptrogen. The cells of the root cap secrete a mucilaginous substance that acts as a lubricant. 

(ii) Procambium produces vascular tissues. 

(iii) Ground meristem forms pith, endodermis and cortex. In many cases, a small region with very low mitotic activity is present in the centre of the root apex, which is called quiescent centre.

Meristems or meristematic tissues are the tissues which are made up of group of immature and similar cells, that are in continuous state of division, forming new cells. 

The cells of a meristematic tissue are characterised by the following features: 

(i) The cells are immature and are capable of dividing indefinitely. 

(ii) They are small and thin walled cells, without intercellular spaces. 

(iii) The cells are generally isodiametric (almost of same length and breadth) and are rounded, oval or polygonal in outline. 

(iv) They have thin and elastic cell wall, made up of cellulose. 

(v) The vacuoles are absent or are very small. Cambium cells, however, possess large vacuoles. 

(vi) The plastids are present in proplastid stage. 

(vii) The cells do not store reserve food and are in active stage of metabolism. 

(viii) The cells lack inorganic crystals and other ergastic substances. 

(ix) The meristematic cells are mother cells from which all other types of cells are formed.

Epidermal tissue system: It is the outermost protective tissue of the plant organs. It is derived from Protoderm and consists of epidermis, stomata and epidermal outgrowths. 

(i) Epidermis: (a) Epidermis is usually single layered, but in the leaves of some tropical plants it is more than one layer in thickness

(b) There is a layer of cutin, on the outer side of the epidermis of aerial parts of the plants called cuticle. 

(c) Epidermis along with cuticle protect the inner cells against loss of water, mechanical injury, attack of pathogens and leaching effect of rain. 

(d) The epidermis of grasses and cereals has a deposition of silica. 

(ii) Stomata are structures present in the epidermis of leaves which regulates the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange. 

(iii) Epidermal outgrowths: (a) The epidermis of most plants often bear outgrowths called epidermal outgrowths. They are of two type – Trichomes and hairs. 

(a) On the stem, the epidermal hairs are called trichomes. They are usually multicellular, branched or unbranched and soft or stiff. They may be secondary also. The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to transpiration. 

(b) The root epidermis bears unicellular outgrowths called root hairs. It is therefore, also called piliferous layer or epiblema. It is mainly concerned with the absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

It is a narrow strip of tissue (parenchyma or sclerenchyma) that lies between xylem and phloem bundles of root.

Sclerenchyma tissues.

Trichomes are multicellular epidermal hairs on the stem, seeds and fruits. They help in protection, dispersal of seed and fruits and reduction of water loss. Root hair helps in absorbing water and mineral from soil.

(i) Parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts and take part in photosynthesis, so they are known as chlorenchyma. Thus, they are meant for storage of food. 

(ii) Paremchyma have fibre like prosenchyma which is meant for providing turgidity and strength. 

(iii) Parenchyma in aquatic plants possess air spaces, and are known as aerenchyma which stores air and provides buoyancy to aquatic plants.

A meristem is a group of undifferentiated cells, which are isodiametric and bring about rapid cell division. Meristems are classified based on position, origin and function.

Based on position;

They are grouped into 3 types

• Apical Meristems: Found at the apices of roots and stems resulting in primary growth. They bring about an increase in the length of roots and stems.
• Intercalary Meristems: These are portions of apical meristems separated by permanent tissues. They occur at the base of internodes and leaf sheaths of monocots & grasses. They bring about elongation of the internode. 
• Lateral Meristems: These occupy lateral positions and bring about an increase in diameter.

Based on Origin:

They are grouped into 3 types

(a) Promeristem:

These occupy the tip of stem and roots and represent a small area. By division, they give rise to primary meristems.

(b) Primary Meristems:

These are derivatives of the premeristem and are found at the apices of shoot and root. They bring, about primary growth resulting in elongation of root & shoots.

(c) Secondary meristems; 

These are produced by dedifferentiation of permanent cells and arise later in the life of a plant. They occupy lateral positions and bring about secondary growth resulting in increase in diameter.

Based on Function: 

They are grouped into 3 types 

Protodprm: Single layered outer region which gives rise to the epidermis.

Ground meristem: Many layered and forms the cortex and pith. 

Procambium: many-layered and forms the vascular cylinder.

Trichomes are multicellular epidermal hairs on the stem, seeds or fruits. Trichomes help in protection, dispersal of fruits and seeds and reduction in water loss.

Open Vascular bundles : These vascular bundles contain a strip of cambium in between phloem and xylem. Open vascular bundles are collateral and bicollateral. 

Closed Vascular bundles : Intrafascicular cambium is absent. Closed vascular bundles can be collateral or concentric.

(c) t₁t₂/(t₂ + t₁)

The particle in first 4 seconds is - (b) 8 m

In an ideal transformer, the output power is equal to input power. But in actual transformer the output power is less than the input power. 

A transformer is device by which the amplitude of an alternating e.m.f. can be increased or decreased.

In an ideal transformer, the output power is equal to. input power. But in an actual transformer, the output power is less than the input power

The first option would have kept water warmer because according to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat is directly proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and the surrounding and in the first case the temperature difference is less, so rate of loss of heat will be less.

The first option would have kept water warner because according to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat is directly proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and the surrounding and in the first case the temperature difference is less, so rate of loss of heat will be less.

Given : Mass of water = 100 gm

Change in temperature = 0 – (-10) = 10ºC

Specific heat of water S_w = 1 Cal/g/ºc

Latent heat of fusion \(L_{fusion}^W\) = 80 cal/g

Heat required by water from – 10ºC to 0ºC

Q = ms∆T

= 100 × 1 × 10

Q = 1000 cal

Let ice melted be m gm,

Q = mL

or m = \(\frac{Q}{L}\) = \(\frac{1000}{80}\) = 12.5gm.

ORG is the domain name for Non profit organization

(d) IVth part – Location of organization

A body in motion is said to possess the kinetic energy. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of motion is called the kinetic energy.

In hierarchical name space, level 0 is root

Root is present on the top in tree like structure hierarchical name space

The major disadvantage of flat name space is that they cannot be used in large system. Because they need to be accessed and controlled centrally to avoid ambiguity and redundancy.

There are two ways to represent the IP address:

1. Binary notation

2. Dotted-decimal notation

In binary notation the address is expressed as 32-bit binary values.

For E.g. 00111001 10001001 00111000 00000111

In dotted-decimal notation the address is written in decimal format separated by dots(.).

For e.g. 128.143.137.144

(a) Domain name system

(i) Convergence 

(ii)  computing 

(iii)  content 

(iv)  communication 

(v)  evaluation 

(vi)  services 

(vii)  technologies 

(viii)  utilised

(i)  ICT 

(ii)  Bio-Informatics 

(iii)  Material Convergence 

(iv)  Intelligent Bio-Science

E-Banking services depends on  E-Banking  automated system.

Bluetooth is commonly used as a wireless technology in mobile phones and laptops.

(a) E-Banking is the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly through electronic and interactive communication channels.

(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct 

E-Banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic and interactive communication channels.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology allows a user to use the Internet to make and receive telephone calls.

It is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext and multimedia to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. 

It is a way of exchanging information between computers on Internet, try to tie all the information together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

This application enables the interworking of standard fax machines with packet networks. It accomplishes this by extracting the fax image from an analog signal and carrying it as a digital data over the packet network. The E-mail fax system allows user to send and receive faxes using a regular fax number(s) over the Internet by using any E-mail account. Fax machines, fax servers and fax services continue to evolve towards a FoIP strategy (sometimes referred to as VoIP Fax)

(b) FoIP accomplishes this by extracting the fax image from an analog signal and carrying it as digital data over the packet network.

(c) VoIP meets the challenges of combining voice and packet networks by allowing both voice and signaling information to be transported over packet network.

It is an audio service transmitted via Internet. It is broadcasted using the Internet as the connection to the radio, rather than radio waves. The basic requirement to use Internet radio is that you must have a broadband Is net connection at your home (or wherever you use the radic and a PC in order to listen to radio stations via Internet.

VoIP is an IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice information over Internet. It enables a user to make cheap telephone calls over a broadband Internet connection, instead of using a regular telephone service. 

A major advantage ot VoIP is that it avoids the tolls charged by ordinary telephone service. A user can make a call locally or in other parts of (JS or Canada, or anywhere else in the world, eliminating long distance fees by using a VoIP service. The concept of VoIP is used in wireless LAN networks and sometimes referred to as wVoIP, VoFi, VoWi-Fi and Wi-Fi VoIP.

Merging of two or more entities to make a new entity, is termed as convergence

3C's of technologies that are described as follows:

Computer Technology :

Computer technology is the activity of designing, constructing and programming of the computer system. Innovation of computer technology in today’s world has made the communication devices (like television, mobile etc.,) attached with it for communication across the latest devices and services. 

Communication Technology:

It is the activity of designing, constructing and maintaining communication systems. It is popularly known as ICT. It includes communication device or application such as radio, television, etc that allows to send and receive signals of various devices. ICT is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT). 

Content Technology :

Using the content technology, content is displayed over the Internet through Websites and stored through different types of media such as CDs, DVDs, Pen drives etc. When anything passes from computer, it becomes digital content and can be universally shared and communicated virtually.

Broadcast on Television and Radio are primary means by which news and entertainment are delivered to the public virtually around the world. The term broadcasting refers to the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio signals (radio) or audio visual signals (television) that are readily accessible to a wide population via standard receivers. Broadcasting has been used for private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, experimentation, self-training and emergency communication such as ATV (Associated Television).

It is a process of transmitting and broadcasting television programs through the Internet using IP. Any person who watches a clip online, is experiencing a form of IPTV. 

For user’s comfort, telecommunication companies started offering television programming through their high speed networks. 

This makes it possible for telcos to offer the quadruple play, which is a combination of wireless phone, Internet, land-line phone and TV programming. It provides an integrated environment to deliver broadcast quality video over the IP-based communication using high speed Internet broadband network such as DSL high speed Internet cable and T1, T2 and T3 lines.

Digital Convergence 

It is the collection of underlying digital technology components and features such as voice, texts, videos, pictures, broadcasts, presentations, streaming media, global connectivity and personalised services. 

It refers to the convergence of four industries into one Conglomerate (Combination of two or more enterprises)— ITTCE (Information Technology, Telecommunication, Consumer Electronics and Entertainment). 

Messaging Convergence 

It means integrating SMS with voice, e.g. Voice SMS (voice instead of text) and SpinVox (voice to text). Due to change in communication, the main problem that arises for operators is to adjust all aspects of their business, including their mobile, television and Internet networks that are converging and progressing day-by-day. In addition, today’s wide variety of messaging options, including SMS, MMS, E-mail, Instant messaging and Video sharing are creating challenges for users and operators to manage it. 

Media Convergence 

It involves the interlocking of computing and IT companies, telecommunication networks and content providers from the publishing world of newspapers, magazines, music, radio, television, films and entertainment softwares. It brings together the “3Cs” and is the direct convergence of the digitisation of media content and the popularisation of the Internet. 

Device Convergence 

It means the trend in network device architecture to support different networking paradigms in single system. 

e.g.communication and imaging technologies on a mobile device designed to make calls and take pictures. Both are unrelated technologies that converge on a single device.

Internet television or online television is the term used for digital distribution of television content over Internet.

3Cs technologies refer as and commiunication,computer content technology.

(i) Video conferencing is a communication technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as ii they are in the same room. It uses a computer, video camera, microphone, video screen and a sound system. 

(ii) It is an extremely useful method for communication at long distances. It saves time and expense of travel. 

(iii) It is costly to implement and requires special hardware.