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By performing Havans & worshiping trees.

To conserve all the parts of nature for human welfare.

Soil, Water, Air, Plants, Animals etc are the primary constituents of the environment and their interaction lead to the healthy environment. Now a days, deforestation, pollution of air and water because of many types of pollutants degrading our environment.

Deforestation human act making “green revolution” as “blood revolution”.

To protect the environment.

Conservation of forest & natural ecosystem act, 1994.

Deforestation, Bomb blasting, Over industrialization etc. may lead to large natural disasters.

(4) All of the above

Tulsi plant is called as “house physician (Vaiday) in India.

Under this act following activities are prohibited –

• Cutting-cleaning in forest under section 5.
• Burning fire or leaving burning fire in the reserved forest.
• Cattle grazing or over grazing.
• Uprooting of trees and cutting of timber wood.
• Cutting, trimming. burning, peeling of bark, plucking of leaves etc.
• Mining, burning Lime and Wood charcoal.
• Storage of forest products.
• Cleaning of forest land for agriculture.
• Hunting, Firing, Fishing, Poisoning of water source, Casting net for birds etc.
• Hunting of elephants.
• Business of forest products.
  If the crime is proved, the criminal will be punished by the court for 6 month imprisonment or 500.00 rupees penalty or both.

The forest full fill all the requirement of human beings by providing food, medicines & other product.

Rivers can be maintained clean by preventing release of sewage & industrial wastes.

Central Govt permission.

Sept. 9, 1972

Indian forest conservation act, 1980 prior permission of central govt, is essential.

After freedom in Independent India, the constitution founders were aware of wild life conservation and in article 48 (K) of Indian constitution provisions were made for improvement of environment and protection of wild life. In article 51 (K), citizens are expected to protect Forest, Lakes, Rivers etc and look after the animals and wild life.

Toxic pesticides, CO, CFC etc.

(3) Wildlife conservation Act, 1972

Wild life (conservation) Act, 1972 allows to establish National parks and wild life sanctuaries.

It is revised form of Forest (conservation) Act, 1980. It’s aim is maintain ecological balance and to ensure environmental stability.

Jamu & Kashmir

It was implemented on Oct 25, 1980 in whole India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It includes –

• Prohibition of ecological imbalance by deforestation.
• Prior permission of central government is essential to deserve any reserved forest.
• Central government permission is essential to use forest land for non-forest purposes.
• For using forest land in non-forest purpose, a new forest will be developed in equal area.

It was laid m 1974. 1977 & 1988.

Three years imprisonment or Rs. 10,000 fine or both.

Amended 1980 act.

For the conservation of wildlife, central and state governments have approved following laws :-

Wild life (conservation) Act, 1972 –
It is meant for the conservation of animals, birds and plants. It was implemented on September 9, 1972. In Rajasthan, it was implemented in 1973.

Aims :

• To Manage and control hunting of wild organism and birds.
• Planning and Establishment of Wild life sanctuaries and National parks.
• To constitute wild life advisory committee to advice state governments.
• To control the trade related to wild life acquisition, lordship and transfer and their skin.
• To control trade concern to articles made up of leather.
• Provision of penalty who work against the act.
• To prevent and prohibit the hunting of wild life.
• Conservation of special plants.
• To provide right to the workers and officers of zoo to control the zoo and captivity reproduction.

The violation of the act may impose a penalty of 6 month to 7 year imprisonment or Rs. 500 to 5000 economic penalty or both.

Many Wildlife sanctuaries and National parks were established in India under this act. As a result, the extinction of endangered species and ecological imbalance have been prevented.

Addition of unwanted & harmful substances in the environment is called as pollution. It causes green house effect, ozone depletion & acid rains.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 :
It was implemented on Oct 25, 1980 in whole India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It includes –

• Prohibition of ecological imbalance by deforestation.
• Prior permission of central government is essential to deserve any reserved forest.
• Central government permission is essential to use forest land for non-forest purposes.
• For using forest land in non-forest purpose, a new forest will be developed in equal area.

National Forest Act, 1988 (Amended 1980 act) 
It’s aims are –

1. To Maintain ecological balance.
2. To ensure environmental stability.

The first act concern to pollution was made in 1974.

(3) Benzedine

It is amended 1980 act.

6 month imprisonment and Rs. 500 penalty.

Under this act following activities are prohibited –

• Cutting-cleaning in forest under section 5.
• Burning fire or leaving burning fire in the reserved forest.
• Cattle grazing or over grazing.
• Uprooting of trees and cutting of timber wood.
• Cutting, trimming. burning, peeling of bark, plucking of leaves etc.
• Mining, burning Lime and Wood charcoal.
• Storage of forest products.
• Cleaning of forest land for agriculture.
• Hunting, Firing, Fishing, Poisoning of water source, Casting net for birds etc.
• Hunting of elephants.
• Business of forest products.
  If the crime is proved, the criminal will be punished by the court for 6 month imprisonment or 500.00 rupees penalty or both.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 :
It was implemented on Oct 25, 1980 in whole India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It includes –

• Prohibition of ecological imbalance by deforestation.
• Prior permission of central government is essential to deserve any reserved forest.
• Central government permission is essential to use forest land for non-forest purposes.
• For using forest land in non-forest purpose, a new forest will be developed in equal area.

National Forest Act, 1988 (Amended 1980 act) 
It’s aims are –

1. To Maintain ecological balance.
2. To ensure environmental stability.

Conservation of Forest and Natural Ecosystem Act, 1994 – 
This act concerns to protect wildlife and use of the products by involving local villagers in the management.

For the conservation of wildlife, central and state governments have approved following laws :-

Wild life (conservation) Act, 1972 –
It is meant for the conservation of animals, birds and plants. It was implemented on September 9, 1972. In Rajasthan, it was implemented in 1973.

Aims :

• To Manage and control hunting of wild organism and birds.
• Planning and Establishment of Wild life sanctuaries and National parks.
• To constitute wild life advisory committee to advice state governments.
• To control the trade related to wild life acquisition, lordship and transfer and their skin.
• To control trade concern to articles made up of leather.
• Provision of penalty who work against the act.
• To prevent and prohibit the hunting of wild life.
• Conservation of special plants.
• To provide right to the workers and officers of zoo to control the zoo and captivity reproduction.

The violation of the act may impose a penalty of 6 month to 7 year imprisonment or Rs. 500 to 5000 economic penalty or both.

Many Wildlife sanctuaries and National parks were established in India under this act. As a result, the extinction of endangered species and ecological imbalance have been prevented.

This act aims to prevent and control the water pollution and the maintaining & restoring of wholesomeness of water by establishing central and state pollution board to monitor and enforce the regulation. It w as revised in 1997 and 1998.

In 1974 the first act concerning to pollution control was made.

Under Motor Vehicle Act level of CO gas is to be kept optimum.

Water pollution elimination and control act was laid in 1974,1977 and 1988 to maintain quality of water and to control the harmful effects of water pollution on the community.

Air pollution, elimination and control act, 1981 and revised act 1987 controls the maintenance of air qualities and deleterious effects of air pollution on the community.

Environment conservation act, 1986 concerns with the control of soil, water and air pollution.

Other acts are motor vehicle act (1988), harmful waste and chemical act (1989) and forest and natural ecosystem conservation act (1994).

Addition of harmful substance in the air and water is respectively called as air and water pollution.

Water pollution elimination and control act was laid in 1974,1977 and 1988 to maintain quality of water and to control the harmful effects of water pollution on the community.

Air pollution, elimination and control act, 1981 and revised act 1987 controls the maintenance of air qualities and deleterious effects of air pollution on the community.

Environmental Ethics :
Religion and environment are closely related and Indian Culture and civilization provide direct evidence. In Indian, all the religions are always respected equally and all the religions have a common aim. “Live and Let Live”. The moto of Live and Let Live is not only confined for human community but it also concerns with movable – non movable, living – non living, nature and environment.

Indian Shastras like Ved, Purans, Upnishads and other texts have provision to worship Sun, Fire, Water, Air, Earth etc. The trees like Pipal, Bargad, Tulsi, Kela etc. are worshiped equivalent to God. “Kalpvrakshy had been the sign to full-fill the desires. To get desired result Aahuti are given in “Yagya””.

Our culture had been forest based, The Upnishads were written in the forests. The Himalaya is the place of Saints to meditate. The Ajanta and Alora caves, the fine examples of art, are situated in forest regions. The soul of India lives in forests.

Women in India on various occasions worship various trees that varies from region to region. The trees such as Bargad (Banyan), Kela, Pipal, Khejedi etc. are conserved through religion to protect the environment. Particularly, Tulsi make our environment maxim and clean.

Various animals are protected by symbolizing them as vehicle (Wahan) of Gods. Such as Peacock for Kartikey, Dog for Bhanrwa, Nandi for Lord Shiva, Lion for Durga, Owl for Lakshmi, Mouse for Lord Ganesha, Garuda (Eagle) for Lord Vishnu, Snake (Shesh Nag) for Earth, Swan for Sarwaswati etc. The elephant is a symbol of Ganesh itself.

The rivers are worshiped as goddesses. Now a days, human beings started releasing sewage and other dirtily (harmful) substances in the rivers and water bodies. Earlier, this act was considered to be a moral crime.

In Hindu mythology, trees are worshiped being house of Gods. They are protected in adverse environment conditions like summers and winters. Such as Pipal, Kela and Tulsi etc..

The leaves of Bilva trees (Belpatra) are very’ important while worshiping Lord Shiva. Neem tree is greeted by saying “Sarv Rog haro Nimb” which mean remove all dis-eases. It is prohibited to pluck leaves of any tree after evening. It is a crime to cut any green tree though the dried trees can be cut for domestic uses. Kadampa tree (Neolamarckia cadamba) is worshiped with faith being concern with Lord Krishna. Ashoka tree is considered as sacred and beatific as mata sita prayed Ashoka tree by saying “Taru Ashok mum karhoo Ashoka”. This is the importance of forest wealth in our hindu mythology. Matsya Purana States “Ten wells are equal to one pond; 10 ponds are equal to one lake; 10 lakes are equal to one son and 10 sons are equal to one tree”.

In Brahmin period, Aryans worshiped the nature. Dravidians considered “pushp chandan (flower Sandal)” sacred and they believed that havan (homan) removes pollution and the odor of pushp chandan makes the environment maxim(Aromatic). Aryans adopted this technique and even today Hindus worship trees, water, air and fire.

It mean to say that all religions for human welfare fol-lowed the principle “Vasudeva Kutumbakam” and “Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, Sarve Santu Niramayah”. The essence of the teachings of all the religions of the word is to conserve all the parts of the nature for human welfare.

Exploitation of nature will lead to environmental pollution. The water, soil, air etc will get polluted as a result of bomb blasting, deforestation, over industrialization, sewage, use of pesticides etc. Hence, protection of the environment in view of human welfare should be an essential act. Since beginning in India, environmental concern remained key of sarvodaya philosophy “All the human beings remain happy, healthy and act jointly for human welfare”.

Soil, water, air, plants, animals etc are the primary constituents of the environment and their interaction lead to the healthy environment. Now a days, deforestation, pollution of air and water because of many types of pollutants degrading out environment.

The environmental imbalance causing ozone depletion, global warming, disturbed season cycle, loss of soil fertility and depletion of natural resources. Moreover, it resulted in drought, flood, increased diseases, soil erosion, desert expansion etc. The deforestation changing “green revolution” into “blood revolution”.

Environmental Ethics :
Religion and environment are closely related and Indian Culture and civilization provide direct evidence. In Indian, all the religions are always respected equally and all the religions have a common aim. “Live and Let Live”. The moto of Live and Let Live is not only confined for human community but it also concerns with movable – non movable, living – non living, nature and environment.

Indian Shastras like Ved, Purans, Upnishads and other texts have provision to worship Sun, Fire, Water, Air, Earth etc. The trees like Pipal, Bargad, Tulsi, Kela etc. are worshiped equivalent to God. “Kalpvrakshy had been the sign to full-fill the desires. To get desired result Aahuti are given in “Yagya””.

Our culture had been forest based, The Upnishads were written in the forests. The Himalaya is the place of Saints to meditate. The Ajanta and Alora caves, the fine examples of art, are situated in forest regions. The soul of India lives in forests.

Women in India on various occasions worship various trees that varies from region to region. The trees such as Bargad (Banyan), Kela, Pipal, Khejedi etc. are conserved through religion to protect the environment. Particularly, Tulsi make our environment maxim and clean.

Various animals are protected by symbolizing them as vehicle (Wahan) of Gods. Such as Peacock for Kartikey, Dog for Bhanrwa, Nandi for Lord Shiva, Lion for Durga, Owl for Lakshmi, Mouse for Lord Ganesha, Garuda (Eagle) for Lord Vishnu, Snake (Shesh Nag) for Earth, Swan for Sarwaswati etc. The elephant is a symbol of Ganesh itself.

The rivers are worshiped as goddesses. Now a days, human beings started releasing sewage and other dirtily (harmful) substances in the rivers and water bodies. Earlier, this act was considered to be a moral crime.

In Hindu mythology, trees are worshiped being house of Gods. They are protected in adverse environment conditions like summers and winters. Such as Pipal, Kela and Tulsi etc..

The leaves of Bilva trees (Belpatra) are very’ important while worshiping Lord Shiva. Neem tree is greeted by saying “Sarv Rog haro Nimb” which mean remove all dis-eases. It is prohibited to pluck leaves of any tree after evening. It is a crime to cut any green tree though the dried trees can be cut for domestic uses. Kadampa tree (Neolamarckia cadamba) is worshiped with faith being concern with Lord Krishna. Ashoka tree is considered as sacred and beatific as mata sita prayed Ashoka tree by saying “Taru Ashok mum karhoo Ashoka”. This is the importance of forest wealth in our hindu mythology. Matsya Purana States “Ten wells are equal to one pond; 10 ponds are equal to one lake; 10 lakes are equal to one son and 10 sons are equal to one tree”.

In Brahmin period, Aryans worshiped the nature. Dravidians considered “pushp chandan (flower Sandal)” sacred and they believed that havan (homan) removes pollution and the odor of pushp chandan makes the environment maxim(Aromatic). Aryans adopted this technique and even today Hindus worship trees, water, air and fire.

It mean to say that all religions for human welfare fol-lowed the principle “Vasudeva Kutumbakam” and “Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, Sarve Santu Niramayah”. The essence of the teachings of all the religions of the word is to conserve all the parts of the nature for human welfare.

Exploitation of nature will lead to environmental pollution. The water, soil, air etc will get polluted as a result of bomb blasting, deforestation, over industrialization, sewage, use of pesticides etc. Hence, protection of the environment in view of human welfare should be an essential act. Since beginning in India, environmental concern remained key of sarvodaya philosophy “All the human beings remain happy, healthy and act jointly for human welfare”.

Soil, water, air, plants, animals etc are the primary constituents of the environment and their interaction lead to the healthy environment. Now a days, deforestation, pollution of air and water because of many types of pollutants degrading out environment.

The environmental imbalance causing ozone depletion, global warming, disturbed season cycle, loss of soil fertility and depletion of natural resources. Moreover, it resulted in drought, flood, increased diseases, soil erosion, desert expansion etc. The deforestation changing “green revolution” into “blood revolution”.

The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups along with their identity holding different beliefs: 

1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the rights and the left with all other shades of the center. 

2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: 

(a) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. 

(b) Some of these like “Congress Socialist Party” later seperated from the Congress and became on opposition party.

1. It accommodated the revolutionary conservative, extremist and moderates with all other shades of the center. 

2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in national movement. 

3. In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties were allowed to co-exist within the Congress. 

4. Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party’ later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party.

Chaityas and Vihars have mainly been found at places, namely- Ajanta, Ellora and Kanheri.

एक शिकारी द्वारा विषबुझा बाण चलाने से पेड़ सूख गया।

हरे-भरे छायादार वृक्षवाले विशाल और सुंदर वन में एक पक्षी हरे-भरे वृक्ष पर बसना चाहेगा। फिर भी तोता उन हरे-भरे पेड़ों पर न रहकर एक सूखे पेड़ के खोखले में रहता था। यह देखकर इन्द्र को आश्चर्य हुआ।

इन्द्र : अरे भाई तोते! इस वन में एक-से-एक हरे-भरे पेड़ भरे पड़े हैं। आश्चर्य है, तुम इस सूखे पेड़ के इस खोखले में अपरिचित जैसे और अनाड़ियों की भांति पड़े हुए हो। यह मूर्खता नहीं तो और क्या है?

तोता : महाराज! यह पेड़ आज सूख गया है, पर पहले वह बहुत हरा-भरा और सुंदर था। पूरे वन में यह अपने ढंग का अकेला और सबसे अच्छा पेड़ था। यह इस वन की शोभा था। विभिन्न प्रकार की चिड़ियाँ, कोयल, तोते, मैना आदि सबको यह पेड़ बहुत प्यारा था। मेरा जन्म इसी हरे-भरे पेड़ पर हुआ था। इसलिए मुझे इसकी डाली-डाली बहुत प्यारी है। इसी की छाया में मैंने अपना जीवन आरंभ किया था। इसी पर मैंने बोलना, चहकना और उड़ना सीखा था। इसने मुझे बचपन से लेकर अब तक शीतल छाया दी है। यह मेरे सुख-दुःख का सच्चा साथी रहा है।

लेकिन आज यह पेड़ सूख रहा है। इसका एक कारण है। एक बार वन में एक शिकारी आया था। उसने अपने विष से बुझा बाण इस पेड़ पर चला दिया था। तब से यह पेड़ विष के प्रभाव से दिन-प्रतिदिन सूखता जा रहा है। यह पेड़ मेरा बचपन का साथी है। इसी पेड़ पर रहकर मुझे सुख, संतोष और शांति मिलती है। इसे छोड़कर मैं कहाँ जा सकता हूँ? लगता है इसके साथ-साथ मेरा भी अंतिम क्षण होगा।

इन्द्र : ओह! तो यह बात है! तोते, मैं तुमसे प्रसन्न हूँ। अब तेरा जीवन सफल हो जाएगा। तुम मुझसे जो भी चाहो, मांग लो, मैं इसी क्षण उसे पूरा कर दूंगा।

तोता : हे देवपति! यह पेड़ सारे वन की शोभा है। आप इस पेड़ को हरा-भरा कर दीजिए।

इन्द्र : एवमस्तु!

तोता पेड़ पर रहता था।

इन्द्र काशी के समीप एक निर्जन वन से होकर गुजर रहे थे।

तोते के जन्म के समय पेड़ हरा-भरा, अपनी किस्म का अलग, सबसे अच्छा, सबसे सुंदर और मन को मोह लेनेवाला थ