Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Cash payment is never more than cash receipts, therefore balance of cash account is always debit balance.

Correct option is (a) Debit balance

Debit side of cash book is known as Income or Receipt side.

Correct option is (b) Credit side

Correct option is (a) Cash account

Correct option is (b) Cash

(1) The first two lines of the stanza convey that man’s sense of reason should keep alive all the time. It should not get lost blindly following traditions.

(2) In the last line, the poet urges God to let his country awake to thought and action which consequently lead to freedom.

Correct option is (d) crushed

Correct option is (a) marvellous

अग्र अभिनत स्थिति में p-n सन्धि डायोड का प्रतिरोध R = 25Ω तथा धारा में परिवर्तन ΔI = 2 मिली ऐम्पियर = 2 x 10^-3 ऐम्पियर।। 

माना अग्र अभिनत विभव में परिवर्तन ΔV है। 

R = ΔV / ΔI 

ΔV = R x ΔI 25 ओम x 2 मिली ऐम्पियर 

= 50 मिली ऐम्पियर

The brain governs sensations, moods, actions and thoughts by an unbelievably complex series of chemically regulated controls.

The addict suspects everything external because he is in a state of paranoia. He does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. Anything outside scares him and he draws further and further into himself.

a) Good morning, Doctor! I would like to know how drugs affect the mind. Can you please give us some details? 

b) I have heard that drugs adversely affect the body also. Is it true doctor? Can you elaborate a bit? 

c) Doctor, I have heard about withdrawal symptoms. Will you please explain what they mean and what they indicate?

d) Many people say that even after coming out of the De-addiction Centres after being cured, many addicts go back to their addiction. Is it true?

The addict knows he has a problem. But he does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. He looks upon external objects with suspicion. Anything outside scares him and he draws further and further into himself.

You had better get rid of your addiction and spend the money on useful things. Why don’t you to go to a counsellor or practise yoga for improving your self control? You could spend the money you use for drugs and drinks on healthy and tasty food.

Let’s spend the money on charity; it will help so many people.

Sensual drugs affect the chemistry of brain cells. Cell function is carried out by thousands of enzymes acting within each cell. Each exposure of the cells to psychoactive drugs alters their chemistry. Toxic chemicals can upset the brain’s intricate system of communication. They can also damage cell tissues. Toxic effect may be permanent.

People believe in drugs because they think that any sickness of the body and mind can be healed by taking a pill.

In an addict the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation. The drug then gives him only relative relief from misery. So he wants more and more drugs and thus the craving persists.

Drugs were discovered to prevent and cure physical diseases and reverse the disturbances that occur in some mental illnesses. The power of drugs has led people to believe that any ailment, infective or psychic, can be relieved by taking a pill. At the first sign of nervousness, they try pep pills. Medical journals now advertise tranquilizers (which calm you down), amphetamines (used for slimming and also for euphoria) and other mood-altering drugs. Doctors prescribe them and people expect miracles from them. In this situation, drug abuse is widespread. 

When people become dependent on drugs to solve their problems, they lose their capacity to deal with life’s situations through perseverance, self-discipline and mental effort. Some people thy* it is foolish to expend energy on solving a problem when there is an easy way out. People take drugs when they feel bad. They take drugs even when they feel good already.

A distinction should be made between medicine and the sensual drugs. We must know the important advances science has made. The history of medical use of drugs goes back 23 centuries to Hippocrates, the Greek physician. He is regarded as the father of medicine. He was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient. 

As per his teaching, medicines must suit the disease and the patient. When there is a disorder only a drug that specifically mitigates that disorder should be used. The drug should also have restorative effects. Otherwise it will unbalance healthy functions of the brain and the body. It means a healthy person cannot benefit from taking a drug. This also comes from Hippocrates. He said, “Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by taking purgative medicines.” The difference between medicines and sensual drugs is simple. Sensual drugs are those that the body does not need, but they give the user a strong sense of pleasure. Sensual drugs activate the brain’s pleasure centers. We don’t know how they do it – when the they stimulate the pleasure center directly or activate them through chemical mimicry. Both possibilities will be referred to as stimulation.

The brain governs sensations, moods, thoughts and actions. It is done not through any magical process but by an unbelievably complex series of chemically regulated controls. These are easily upset by sensual drugs. They affect on the mechanisms that control pleasure and satisfaction. A drug user’s craving for the drug continues, but he feels less and less satisfaction. His brain’s pleasure reflexes are activated by artificial stimulation. In severe addiction, the pleasure mechanisms fail to respond to drug stimulation. The drug then gives only relative relief from misery and suspends the illness of withdrawal. Information from the senses still reaches the brain, but the brain is unable to evaluate the information and interpret it as pleasurable. In contrast, naturally attained pleasures enlarge the sense of satisfaction and can be repeated in definitely.

Ultimately, the sensory deprivation of the drug addict shows its# in a general feeling of physical discomfort and in personality changes. The addict feels depressed. He fails to respond either to his environment or to other people. His mental disturbance can be like paranoia. He does not know the source of his problem and he looks for its cause in everything but himself. Anything outside scares him and draws further and further into himself. He feels that others look at him strangely. One even told me that when people smiled at him he thought they were laughing at him. He may even lose his sense of being alive. He feels ‘dead inside’. This is what one rehabilitated heroin addict told me: “Looking out of the window, the sun is shining. The flowers are in bloom. These are signs of a good day.” But pressing his chest, he said, “I don’t feel it here.” Addicts often press their fingers deep into their arms or legs to reassure themselves of their own reality. Their sensations are lost and they look for drug induced sensations.

If drugs gave a safe form of pleasure, there would be no objections to using them. But we know continued use of drugs has very bad consequences. There are real dangers, but the drug user thinks there is no danger because the harmful side effects are not immediately seen. An overdose may result in delirious effects or even death. Between these extremes there is the danger of degeneration of health and reduced brain function. Drugs act directly on the brain. They cause mental mechanisms to respond abnormally. The risks are great for regular users. A lot of harm may be done before the warning symptoms occur.

Drug-related health disorders are many and varied. Dirty needles and solutions used for injecting drugs can cause abscesses in the arms and veins. They can cause liver disease, venereal disease and infection of the kidney and brain. Sniffing cocaine and amphetamines can damage the tissue of the nose. Marijuana and tobacco smoking can cause lung diseases. Heavy users of alcohol, volatile solvents, amphetamines or marijuana damage their livers permanently. Babies of women addicted to opiates are likely to be bom addicted and to suffer from withdrawal symptoms. Cocaine and amphetamines cause hair fall. Marijuana can damage cells. A drug addict can easily get pneumonia, tuberculosis, malnutrition and weight loss. An overdose of any sensual drug can cause respiratory or cardiac failure and death.

Sensual drugs affect the chemistry of brain cells. Cell function is carried out by thousands of enzymes acting within each cell. Each exposure of the cells to psychoactive drugs alters their chemistry. Toxic chemicals can upset the brain’s intricate system of communication. They can also damage cell tissues. Toxic effect may be permanent. 

This article focuses on the effects of drugs on the brain. Drugs affect other parts of the body also and they can be even more debilitating. Damage to the brain is the most subtle and often unrecognized and least understood consequence of drug abuse

When people become over-dependent on drugs to solve their problems, they lose their capacity to deal with life’s situations through perseverance, self-discipline and mental effort. Some people think it is foolish to expend energy on solving a problem when there is an easy way out.

Hippocrates was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient. This is his chief contribution.

Hippocrates, the Greek physician, is regarded as the father of medicine. He was the first to say that a remedy must take into account not only the symptoms of the disease but also the constitution and habits of the patient. As per his teaching, medicines must suit the disease and the patient. When there is a disorder only a drug that specifically mitigates that disorder should be used. The drug should also have restorative effects. Otherwise it will unbalance healthy functions of the brain and the body. It means a healthy person cannot benefit from taking a drug. He said, “Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by taking purgative medicines.”

Method of analyzing inheritance of traits in humans. Study inheritance of diseases for genetic counsellin.

a. Sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing are symptoms of allergy. (Any two) 

b. In response to an allergen, the body releases antibodies of IgE type. 

c. Antihistamine, adrenalin, steroids. (Any two)

(A) Tt × Tt

Tt × Tt cross do 3/4th of the offsprings appear dominant.

(C) Tt × tt

In peas, if 50% of the offsprings are short and 50% are tall, the probable genotypes of the parents are Tt × tt.

Aedes mosquito.

This is due to acquired immunity. Due to infection body first time produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen a highly intensied secondary response. This is appears to have memory of the first encounter. The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e. Blymphocytes and T- lymphocytes.

i. Coat ‘A’ is made up of protein. 

ii. The enzyme ‘B’ is reverse transcriptase, ‘C’ is viral DNA. 

iii. The host cell ‘D’ is macrophage.

iv. The new viruses ‘E’ subsequently attack macrophages and helper Tlymphocytes.

(i) The chemical nature of the coat: Viral protein coat.

(ii) Enzyme B - Viral DNA is produced by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. (Process called reverse transcription.)

X: viral RNA introduced into a cell,

C = Viral DNA.

(iii) Host cell (D) = Macrophage.

(iv) Two different cells are macrophages and helper T-lymphocytes.

1. lose of contact inhibition- Normal cells are contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. Cancer cells lost this property.

2. Metastasis- Cells sloughed from tumors reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there.

Measures to control mosquitoes, precaution to prevent the spread of disease. Awareness campaign for students etc.

protozoans – Malaria and amoebiasis

Bacterial — diphtheria, typhoid and pneumonia

(a) Low level of innate or weak or poor immunity to Sujitha / High immunity to Lakshmi. 

(b) Two correct points (Physical, Physiological, Cellular and Cytokine barriers) like mucous membrane / Nostril hairs / skin / Antibodies / Interferons.

(a) Yes

(b) IgE 

(c) Antilistamine and Adrenalin drugs

The fluidic substance in the cell in which all the organelles of the cell reside and which is surrounded by the cell membrane is called as the protoplasm of the cell. The term ‘protoplasm’ was first coined by Purkinge in 1839.

The diseases that spread due to sexual contact from infected person to a healthy person are called sexually transmitted diseases. 

Four STDs: 

(i) Gonorrhoea 

(ii) Syphilis 

(iii) Warts 

(iv) AIDS 

AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome damages the immune system.

The answer is (c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle

Cells were discovered in 1665 by an English Botanist, Robert Hooke. He used a primitive microscope to observe cells in a cork slice.

A cell is made of life giving substance called protoplasm. 

The protoplasm is a highly organised jelly like, viscous, semifluid, composed of molecules of various chemicals. Most of these are organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid etc. Protoplasm is commonly called the ‘physical basis of life’.

A plant cell consists of a cell wall and protoplast. Cell wall is absent in animal cells. Protoplast denotes the whole of protoplasm present in a cell. It is differentiated into plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.

The answer is (b) Hepatitis

Hepatitis spread through contaminated water and food

• Disease that gets spread from person to person through sexual means are called sexually transmitted diseases. 
• These include bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea and syphilis, and viral infections such as warts and HIV AIDS. 

Below are the ways to prevent sexually transmitted diseases 

• Use of condoms or other physical barriers. 
• Avoiding sexual contacts with unknown partners.
• Avoid sharing towels or underclothing. 
• Get a vaccination for hepatitis B.

Robert Hooke discovered cells. While examining a thin slice of cork, he saw that the cork resembled the structure of honey comb consisting of many little compartments. Cork is a substance which comes from the bark of a tree. Robert Hooke called these boxes cells.

Stamen and carpel.

Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions. Hence it is called the structural and functional unit of life.

Functions of Plasma Membrane are:

• Plasma membrane selectively regulates the entry and exit of the substances into and out of the cell. Therefore, it is called a selectively permeable membrane or semipermeable membrane.
• It provides an outer boundary to the cell and protects the cell from injury.
• It allows the flow of materials and information between different organelles of the same cell, as well as between the adjacent cells.
• It provides some organic connections between the adjacent cells.

Apart from achieving an academic degree in bio-chemistry, Mark dabbled in skiing and cycling which culminated in a silver medal in the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games.

Transport of sperms takes place in the following sequence: 

Testis → vas deferens → urethra

Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum are:

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R) provides large surface area for the metabolic activities of the cell.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in protein synthesis.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of steroid, hormones and lipids.