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India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly one-fifth of the world’s population. Almost 125 crore people live here. It is natural to find several diversities in such a large country. In this context, it is a unique country. No country of the world has so many demographic diversities as found in India.

Here, not only the people from different castes, tribes, races, religions, communities are tied in a unique bond, but also a unique diversity is visible in their languages, festivals, art and crafts, music-songs and dances, dressing, traditions and costumes, etc. With all this, diversity is also seen in sex-ratio, age-group, occupation, education level, economic activities, rural-urban organisation, festivals and fairs, cultural programmes, pronunciation, etc.

In spite of all these diversities, people from different cultures and religions live together in India with peace, cooperation, cordiality and geniality. Different types of fairs, festivals, group dances, and music organised in different regions are the symbol of cultural prosperity of India. A feeling of amity and neighborhood is seen in India during the festivals like Holi, Diwali, Eid, Lohri, Christmas, etc.

There are many demographic diversities found in India and they cannot be bound in the limit of the pen and paper. And it is not possible to describe them briefly. These diversities are directly related to the social and cultural aspects of the country. In spite of so many demographic diversities, a fundamental unity and the feeling of oneness is seen in India in all the Indians, which has become a unique identity of the country.

India is a country of various cultures, races, languages and religions. It is a land of unity in diversity, where people of different lifestyles and manners live together. These people belong to different religions, beliefs, and faiths. In spite of all these diversities, they live together with the bond of humanity and brotherhood. Unity in diversity is the distinct feature of India, which makes it famous all around the world.

Generally, people in India follow the great ancient culture of being tolerant and living with solidarity which makes them assimilating in nature. Unity in diversity visible in almost all the aspects of the society has become a source of strength and power to the entire country. People of all religions worship in different ways by following their own rituals and beliefs, which represents the existence of underlying uniformity. Unity in diversity promotes the spirit of harmony and brotherhood among people beyond their consideration of various diversities.

India is famous for its rich cultural heritage which is because of the presence of people from various religions. People belonging to various cultures give rise to the various lifestyles on the basis of their interests and beliefs. This again gives rise to the growth of various professional spheres, like music, fine arts, drama, dance, theater, sculpture, etc.

Spiritual traditions of the people bring them closer to each other. Various religious Indian scriptures are a great source of spiritual inspiration to the people. There are Rishis, Maharishis, Yogis, Priests, purohits etc. in almost all the Religions, following their own spiritual traditions according to their religious scriptures. Hindi is the mother tongue of India.

However, many other dialects and languages are also spoken by people of different religions, and languages such as English, Urdu, Sanskrit, Bhojpuri, Bihari, Punjabi, Marathi, Bengali, Oriya, Gujarati, Kashmiri etc. are spoken. However, we feel proud to be the citizens of great India.

Unity in diversity of India is a unique characteristic for which it is well – known all over the world. This also attracts tourism in India significantly. As Indians, we all should realize our responsibilities and try to retain its unique features at any cost. Unity in diversity present here is the real wealth of India and the path to progress in the present and the future.

• Nishanth is a lecturer in a College. He gets his salary for his work. The salary is included in the national income. 
• Nishanth teaches his children at home. Here, he does not earn any income. So, it is not included in National Income.

Physical appearance, physical traits and mental habits of the people of India make the diversity of India obvious. Yet the people call them Indians.

One is the picture of mountain background and another is of a hot subtropical country. Both pictures would be correct because India spreads from the tropics to the temperate regions.

The Indian mind has been dreaming of a deeper inner firm uniformity since the dawn of history.

Ancient India, like ancient China, was a world in itself, a culture and a civilization which gave shape to all things. 

a. The above diagram shows a tree diagram of musical instruments.

b. Three catagories : 

(1) Wind instruments, 

(2) Percussion instruments, 

(3) Stringed instruments.

c. i) Harp

d. i) Percussion instrument

e. iii) Guitar and Violin are stringed instruments.

a. Loch Ness Monsters are said to be lived in the Loch Ness lake in Scotland.

b. Nessie is said to be about 30 feet long with a long slender neck, one or two humps and flippers.

c. iii) lake

d. iii) Nessie is a mystery

e. iii) Nessie

1. on 

2. in 

3. at 

4. to with 

5. into 

6. towards 

7. by 

8. above 

9. under

10. around

a. People believe that these strange lights are really spaceships from other planets.

b. These UFOs are really aeroplanes, weather balloons or meteors.

c. ii) Unidentified Flying Object

d. iii) planets

e. i) UFOs are make-believe.

1. 1) C 2) C 3) C 4) B

2. 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) C

3. 1) B 2) B 3) D 4) A

4. 1) B 2) C 3) B D) C

a) greenery, visitors 

b) unforgettable, speechless 

d) environment, enjoyable 

f) unforgettable, ceremonial 

c) enjoyment, experiential 

e) wonderful, railway

1. a) look b) have c) but d) under

2. a) The b) greatest c) in d) until

3. a) was b) on c) a d) the

4. a) for b) and c) at d) The

a. exaggeration

b. magnificence

c. auspicious

d. sumptuous

e. attraction

f. unforgettable

(a)-(iv) 

(b)-(i) 

(c)-(ii) 

(d)-(iii)

a. CPI 

b. Congress Socialist Party 

c. Swathanthra Party 

d. Bharathiya Janasangh

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

Arjuna became angry and shot sharp arrows in the direction of the voice, but the arrows couldn’t kill it. Therefore the invisible being laughed at Arjuna.

Yes, there was difference between Arjuna and Yudhistira in their responses to the invisible voice. As soon as Arjuna heard the warning of invisible voice he became angry and shot sharp arrows at the direction of the voice. Being accentric, he wanted to destroy it, where as Yudhistira was calm in handling the situation. He saw a possible way of reediming the that situation.

The hailstorm completely damaged the crops in Lencho’s fields. The corn was totally destroyed. The flowers had also fallen from the plants.

A telebook is a book that can be read on the television screen.

A person who is passionate about her/his subject is bound to praise it profoundly. The only difference might be in the medium of expression. While a poet chooses words to praise his subject, a scientist may choose an invention to express his passion. This is natural. Thus, it is so that Shelley came up with a writing piece and Faraday discovering the laws of electromagnetic induction and his discoveries led him to formulate concepts such as 'lines of force' and 'fields of force'. It is not that scientists do not defend their subject, Faraday did defend his discoveries by answering Gladstone that there was every probability of the government taxing the electricity soon. Just the medium one chooses to defend their subject matters.

Nakula wanted to drink water first to quench his thirst. Therefore he did not obey the voice of the Yaksha.

Sahadeva also did not care for the warning of the bodiless voice. Therefore he met the same fate as Nakula.

‘Clear’ is another word for ‘transparent’.

A Desmond King-Hele, a British physicist, is the author of Shelley: His Thought and Work. He said that Shelley's attitude to science emphasises the surprising modern climate of thoughts in which he chose to live. Shelley describes the mechanisms of nature with a precision and wealth of detail. It is a perfect fusion of poetry and science. A scientist critically reviewing a poet's work on science. S. Chandrasekhar points out two examples from Shelley's poetry in support of what is said about him. He points out that in his poem Cloud, a creative myth, a scientific monograph, and Chapter 04 - Patterns of Creativity  a gay picaresque tale of cloud adventure are fused together. Then he cites an example from Prometheus Unbound, which has been described by Herbert Read as the greatest expression ever given to humanity's desire for intellectual light and spiritual liberty.

Shelley in his famous essay, A Defence of Poetry, made the given statement. In his work, Shelley expressed his view on poetry and poets. The power of poetry and the beauty of it. It is true that poetry makes every thing immortal by arresting its enchanting beauty. It not just reflects, it has the power to ignite minds and bring change. Poetry inspires humanity. Like Shelley said, ? oets are...the mirrors or the gigantic shadows which futurity casts upon the present; the words which express what they understand not; the trumpets which sing to battle and feel not what they inspire; the influence which is moved not, but moves.It is poetry that bears the future and inspire minds. It beholds the past and mirrors the present as well. Poets are the subtle revolutionaries of our society. In fact, not just poets but all the great authors as well. They are the force that drive the society to newness and are moral critics. They participate in the society not just as viewers, but they keep a watch and express their criticism or appreciation through their work.

The hailstorm completely damaged the crops in Lencho’s fields. The corn was totally destroyed. The flowers had also fallen from the plants.

When Nakula drank the water, he began to feel terribly drowsy and fell down, to all appearance dead.

When Nakula got to the place there was a pool of water. So he was very happy to quench his thirst.

The hail rained for an hour.

Wordsworth in his A Poet's Epitaph looks at science with a critical mind. Even in Tables turned he praises nature and appreciates the beauty it bequeaths to the humanity and is critical of how humans ruin it all with their science and art. Keats in Lamia talks of two facets of human nature: one is sensual and other emotional. Keats calls philosophy destructive and pleasure unreal and calls them inseparable. However, it is not that one must take Wordsworth's and Keat's take as absolute. Shelley, for instance, is of a different opinion. For scientists it is best if they consider Shelley. A. N. Whitehead's testimony called Shelley's attitude to Science, an opposite pole to that of Wordsworth. He loved science, and was never tired of expressing in poetry the thoughts, which it suggests. Science symbolised to him joy, and peace, and illumination.

Lencho was not the least surprised to find a letter for him with money in it. He was totally sure that it came from God. Such was his faith in God.

1. The pool contained clear water. 

2.Yudhishthira preferred Nakula to his other brothers. 

3. When the Yaksha warned Yudhishthira, the latter guessed what had happened to his brothers. 

4. A man who is proud of himself, of his position and wealth is not loved by anybody. 

5. Mind is swifter than the wind.

Lencho calls the raindrops new coins. The raindrops would enrich the harvest. He will get more money by selling it. So the raindrops have been called new coins.

Yudhistira asked Nakula to look for water

Ajamil, the good shepherd, was not a fool. The tigers' king requested him to set all the tigers free; the sheepdog tried to convince Ajamil that the tigers had come to him to offer a friendly hand. Ajamil though agreed to him and cut them all lose and even offered them a feast and signed a pact with the king of tigers that they were friends thenceforth. Ajamil was a fine politician and did not want to mess up with the lot and believed it best to maintain cordial relation with them. So, though he knew inside that, today or tomorrow, the tigers would attack the sheep again. He pretended that he believed all what the king told him and accepted the friendship offered by the tiger. He portrayed it so well that Ajamil seemed taken in by all the lies of the tiger, but in heart he knew that they will return to hunt. So, he felt it better to sacrifice a few sheep every time rather than losing them all in a possible fierce battle where he might lose his reign absolutely. It is also a little disheartening, his lack of confidence in his sheepdog. However, he played it safe and avoided the risk that was hovering over his kingdom.

It is so that the leaders relish their living at the cost of their subjects. So did Ajamil who was a good shephered on the exterior but a shrewed politician inside whose each and every move was a calculated one. He signed a pact which was impossible to maintain forever, though it was to be so. It was obvious that once when the hunting instinct will take over the tigers they will try to attack the sheep again. However, Ajamil did not mind losing a few foot soldiers rather than waging a war and lose all his sheep in one go. He did what a smart shepherd does, to protect all, sacrifice a few. So, he can sit back and relax by playing flute all day long. He did good to both the species. He fed the tigers and saved the sheep as well. In jungle raj everything is defined by one thing alone, “the survival of the fittest” and another fact that no matter how strong or weak an animal is, they all drink water from the same pond. All survive together and so for common good, Ajamil did what he could.

When Ajamil accepted the tiger king's offer of friendship, the sheepdog realized the hidden intentions and tried to convey him to not agree. The sheepdog was a simple one who never told a lie. He made frantic signs to signal Ajamil. The shepherd, however, refused to meet the dog's eye and went on signing the pact and offered the tigers to stay for dinner. Ajamil was a safe player. He took calculated risk. He was a mature politician, not to mess with, who would do anything to maintain his supremacy. He disrespected by displaying his lack of confidence in his sheepdog and rather went on signing a treaty, while he could have challenged a fierce battle. However, he tried to sort it our by sacrificing a few of the sheep and not messing with the ferocious lot. The incident shows how the executive, one of the pillars of democracy, is at the mercy of the legislature. It was not jingoism that saved his regime but by shrewd politics.

The poem Ajamil and the Tigers is a political satire by Arun Kolatkar; Ajamil and the Tigers represent the corrupt politicians and the oppressed subjects. The sheep represent the mass, the mob; the sheepdog's is the incarnation of the army. It is to be seen how the commoners, sheep and sheepdog, are annihilated by the rulers, Ajamil. How their sentiments are overlooked. The poet has beautifully retold the fantastic story of Ajamil, the believed to be good shepherd, which he possibly heard in Jejuri. When the tigers are captured by the brave sheepdog, Ajamil lets them lose, despite being warned by the dog. To show his prominence, he did not listen to the sheepdog and did not even make any eye contact with him. Rather he offered a gala feast to the tigers and gave them gifts like sheep meat, skin and wool. The audacious warriors are paid no heed to and the subjects are sacrificed for Ajamil wanted to maintain his supremacy.

1. When Yudhishthira’s brothers did not return, he was filled with a feeling of uncertainty and fear.

2. His brothers had become a victim to the Yaksha’s words calling for punishment.

3. The pool was surrounded by a piece of grassland.

4. He saw his brothers lying without movement or sound near the pool.

5. His brothers had been made aware of the danger by the Yaksha.

Though literally the poem talks of a short story in which a shepherd made a concord with a king of tigers to maintain peace among the two communities. However, if one tries to gauge, there is more to it than just a jungle story. It speaks of the distinction between the proprietor and the proletariat. It is about the class struggle and the oppressor and the oppressed. The shepherd is the politician, the ruler, as depicted in the poem, and other sheep are subjects. The sheepdog, is the warrior, the army, to protect sheep. However, shepherd wants to maintain his sovereignty, so sacrifices a few sheep to maintain a cordial relation with the tigers and goes on signing the pact. It is depicted how the rulers sacrifice their people to maintain their regime.

Lencho hoped that these drops of rain would give him a good crop and then he would have a rich store of corn for his family. That was why he called the raindrops ‘new coins’.

1. The patient kept on crying of pain whole the night.

2. Why are you wandering about in this locality?

3. I am looking for my lost mobile.

4. He reached home just when it started raining heavily.

5. The person who talked on phone last night can be none other than your friend.

1. Lencho went out in the rain to have the felling of rain on his body.

2. The person is Lencho. He is talking about hailstones.

3. Lencho looked satisfied on account of rain which his cornfield badly needed.

4. Hailstones have been compared to new silver coins.

5. The hailstones affected Lencho’s field badly. The corn was totally destroyed.