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This occurs if the excreta from someone suffering from an infectious gut disease such cholera get mixed with the drinking water used by people living nearby.

The most common carriers or vectors that transfer micro-organisms from one human being to another are female mosquitoes, dogs, hens, etc. e.g. Rabies virus transmitted by dogs and cats bite.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms.

They come in many shapes including ball-, rod- and spiral-shaped.

Most bacteria are not harmful and some are actually beneficial. Less than one per cent of bacteria will actually make you ill.

Infectious bacteria can grow, divide and spread in the body, leading to infectious disease. Some infectious bacteria give off toxins which can make some diseases more severe.

• Cardiovascular diseases, mainly heart disease and 
• chronic respiratory diseases;
• Stroke; 
• diabetes;
• Cancer;
• genetic disorders.
• others, such as mental disorders, vision and hearing 
• impairment, oral diseases, bone and joint disorders,

Heart Disease 

There are many forms of heart disease. Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease, is the leading cause of death globally. It is caused by disease of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis) of the heart.

Stroke 

Stroke is a disease of the brain caused by interference to the blood supply. Stroke and heart disease are the main cardiovascular diseases.

Cancer

Cancer describes a range of diseases in which abnormal cells proliferate and spread out of control. Other terms used are tumours and neoplasms. There are many types of cancer and all organs of the body can become cancerous.

Chronic respiratory disease

Diseases of the lung take many forms. Chronic obstructive respiratory disease and asthma are the most common forms. Chronic obstructive respiratory disease is caused by irreversible obstruction of the larger airways in the lung; asthma is caused by reversible obstruction of the smaller airways in the lung.

Diabetes

Diabetes is characterized by raised blood glucose (sugar) levels. This results from a lack of the hormone insulin, which controls blood glucose levels, and/or an inability of the body’s tissues to respond properly to insulin. The most common type of diabetes is type 2, which accounts for about 90% of all diabetes and is largely the result of excessive weight and physical inactivity. The usual childhood form of diabetes (type 1 diabetes) is caused by an absolute lack of insulin. Without insulin, type 1 diabetes is rapidly fatal.

Bacteria are spread in many ways including:

• Spread by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing). For example, Streptococcus.
• Spread by surface and skin contact. For example, Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA.
• Spread through body fluids, such as blood and saliva. For example, meningococcal disease (meningitis).

Parasites such as roundworms feed off the human waste in the intestines. Symptoms of various worm infestation include itching, usually of the anus or vaginal area, weight loss, increased appetite, abdominal pain, bowel obstructions, vomiting, disturbed sleep, worms present in the stools or vomit, diarrhea, anemia, symptoms of pneumonia, food poisoning symptoms, aching muscles or joints, or a generally feeling of illness. These symptoms can range from barely noticeable to very severe.

These are the diseases transmitted through direct contact. e.g. AIDS is transmitted through blood- blood contact with infected people or from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy. AIDS is also transmitted through intimate contact between partners.

Risk factors for parasites include children who play outdoors in the dirt, close contact with pets, farming, gardening, outdoor activities that include walking near wooded areas, digging in the dirt, walking outside barefoot, being in close or sexual contact with someone who has specific parasites, or sometimes simply the act of walking from the car to the house. Parasites exist in the world and can not be avoided simply by avoiding being outdoors. Parasites can be found in foods, especially undercooked or exotic foods. 

Physicians typically do not screen for parasites without cause. Blood tests or fecal samples can determine parasites, but not all parasites. Pinworms require a nightly anal test, typically for three nights, where a sticky slide is placed on either side of the anus to pick up any eggs that have been laid. Analyzing the slide under a microscope can determine the presence of pinworm. 

The majority of parasitic diseases are not dangerous. However, extreme cases may cause weight loss, dehydration from chronic diarrhea, symptoms which mimic pneumonia, anemia, fatigue, Lyme disease from ticks, Malaria from mosquitoes, or a host of uncomfortable bowel syndromes.

Chronic disease is a disease that persists for a long time. Chronic diseases are the major cause of death and disability worldwide. 

The total number of people dying from chronic diseases is double that of all infectious diseases (including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria), maternal and parental conditions, and nutritional deficiencies combined. 80% of chronic disease deaths occur in low and middle income countries and half are in women. Without action to address the causes, deaths from chronic disease will increase by 17% between 2005 and 2015.

(C) Both A and B

• Typhoid is a common bacterial disease caused by a rodlike bacterium. Salmonella typhi, which is commonly found in the intestine of man.

• Certain humans function as carriers without suffering from it. Mary Mallon, called Typhoid Mary was such a case. She was a cook and typhoid carrier, who continued to spread the disease for several years through her food preparation.

AIDS disease is caused by physical contact.

• Incubation period varies from 1-3 weeks, average 2 weeks.

• Typhoid spreads through food and water contaminated with faeces of the patient. House flies may carry the pathogens from the feces to the food, milk and water.

A person may be regarded as suffering from a disease when his body does not function properly. Minor and major disorders of the body may lead to diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. One of the greatest achievements in the history of mankind is the demonstration by Pasteur, Koch and others of germs or microbes that cause diseases. Microbes are the microscopic organisms such as virus, bacteria, some fungi and protozoans that are responsible for causing diseases in human beings. Cholera, tetanus, typhoid, diphtheria and pneumonia are some common diseases caused by bacteria. Polio, common cold, influenza, measles, chicken pox and AIDS are diseases caused by virus. Amoebic dysentery and malaria are caused by protozoans.

When a person is affected by a disease either the normal functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body changes for the worse. These changes give rise to signs of the disease called symptoms. On the basis of the symptoms the physicians look for the signs of a particular disease and conduct tests to confirm the disease.

Answer is (A) Liver

Symptoms of Typhoid :

• This disease is characterised by the inflammation of ileum and colon, liver and spleen also become enlarged, abdominal pain, pea-soup diarrhoea which may become haemorrhagic, constant fever, extreme weakness, vomiting, rash of rose coloured spots called rose spots on the upper abdomen and sore throat.

• Typhoid is diagnosed by Widal Test.

Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria 'Salmonella typhi'. Symptoms of the disease may include high fever, headache, stomach pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, weakness, vomiting and loose stools.

The earlier rulers of Karnataka, the Kadambas, Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the Kings of Vijayanagara have left behind very beautiful sculptural wonders. They have now become places of historical importance. The prominent historical places are Hampi, Belur, Halebidu, Somanathpur, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Mysore, Srirangapatna.

Karnataka has many hill stations.Kudremukh hill station is one of the important hill stations of Karnataka. This hill station is situated in Chikkmagaluru district. It is a beautiful place. It has dense and green forests. Many hillocks and estates and waterfalls make this hill station beautiful place. Therefore this hill station attract a number of tourists from all over Karnataka.

When a person is affected by a disease either the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse.

Types of Diseases 

(i) Acute Diseases : Acute diseases which last for only very short period of time and affect body suddenly and quickly. E.g., Cold, cough, typhoid etc. 

(ii) Chronic Diseases : The diseases which last for a long time, even as much as a life time, are called chronic diseases. E.g., Diabetes, tuberculosis, elephantiasis etc.

Diseases are of different types. They are:- 

(i) Acute diseases:- are diseases which last only for a short period of time and does not have long term effect on health.

Eg:- cold, cough, typhoid, cholera etc. 

(ii) Chronic disease:- are diseases which lasts for a long time and has long term drastic effect on health. 

Eg :- diabetes, tuberculosis, elephantiasis, arthritis, cancer etc.

Disease causing microbes enter the body by different means and goes to different organs and tissues.

• Microbes which enters through the nose are likely to go to the lungs. ( Bacteria which cause tuberculosis of lungs).
• Microbes which enter through the mouth are likely to stay in the gut ( Bacteria which causes Typhoid) or liver (Bacteria which causes Jaundice).
• Virus which causes AIDS enter the body through sexual organs during sexual contact and spreads through the lymph to all parts of the body and damages the immune system.
• Malaria-causing microbes, entering through a mosquito bite, will go to the liver, and then to the red blood cells.
• The virus causing Japanese encephalitis, or brain fever, will similarly enter through a mosquito bite goes and infects the brain.

The line of 82.5° East longitude denotes the standard time of India. It passes through Allahabad.

Prevention and treatment Typhoid

• Any patient with typhoid requires the highest standards of nursing together with isolation and hygienic disposal of faeces.

• The two most important preventive measures are proper sewage treatment and purification of water supplies.

• Contamination of food can be reduced by personal hygiene and control of flies.

• TAB vaccine provides immunity for about 3 years.

• Antibiotics like ampicillin and chloramphenicol are used to treat typhoid.

1. Chikballapur

2. Gokak

3. Bijapur

4. OM

5. Mysuru.

Proper and sufficient nourishment and clean surroundings and food helps lis to be healthy.

Correct Answer is: (a) Gujarat

Importance of Southern Plateau are:

1. It is rich in mineral deposits. 

2. Black soil found here is good for growing cotton. 

3. Monsoon forests covered with expensive shesham and sandalwood trees are found here. 

4. Natural waterfalls are located which are the basis of hydro-electricity production. 

5. Pachmadhi, Mahabaleshwar, Ooty are famous hill stations are located here.

The treatment of infectious diseases consists of two steps. They are to reduce the effects of the disease (symptoms) and to kill the microbes which caused the disease.

(i) To reduce the effects of the disease:- This can be done by taking medicines to bring down the effects of the disease like fever, pain or loose motions etc. and by taking bed rest to conserve our energy.

(ii) To kill the microbes:- This can be done by taking suitable antibiotics and drugs which kills the microbes and the disease is cured.

The reasons for centralization information and technology industry in Bengaluru are Good climatic condition in Bengaluru, electricity supply, availability of technical experts, financial assistance facilities, suitable vast market, and infrastructure, etc.

Karnataka occupies the pride place by being the first state in South India to establish an Iron and Steel factory. Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s foresight enabled to set up an Iron and Steel industry at Bhadravati in Shivamogga district in 1923. Today this industry is known as “Visveswaraiah Iron and Steel Industry”. The factors which are necessary for the establishment are the supply of iron ore, water supply, a supply of electricity, a suitable market, good transport, etc. Iron and steel industry has all these facilities. Another iron and steel factory known as Jindal Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory was established in 2001 at Toranagal in Ballari district.

The cotton textile industry is an agro-based industry. The first M.S.K. Cotton mill was established was set up at Kalaburagi in Karnataka. Later Cotton textile factories were started at Hubballi. Binny mills and Minerva mills were started in Bengaluru. Recently some of the mills were closed, for example, Hubballi mill. At present Ilkal, Guledgudda, Rabakavi, Gadag- Betgeri, Badami, Bagalkot, Belagavi, Naragund have ginning and spinning mills.

Davanagere is the most important cotton textile industry centre. Davanagere is called as the “Manchester of Karnataka”. Cotton textile industries are established in those areas where all the necessary facilities are available for the establishment.

Diseases where microbes are the immediate causes are called infectious diseases.

Karnataka is famous for a variety of industries. Due to the availability of mineral resources, raw materials, ideal climate, sufficient water, good transport facility, skilled labourers, vast market, modern technology, Karnataka attained the development.

Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s contribution to the development of industries to Karnataka is remarkable. He laid the foundation for many industries in the State. Due to his effort many industries like Rice mills, tile factories, iron and brass foundries, were established.

After 1923, many modern manufacturing units like iron and steel, soap factories, cotton and silk mills, paper, cement, paint, sugar, sandal oil industries were started.

After independence the industrial policy of the Central Government enables the industrial development in the State, as a result, many more factories were established in the State, for example, manufacture of aeroplanes, engineering, machine tools, watches, iron and steel, aluminium, information technology industry, etc.

The essential factors to start the sugar industry are a humid climatic condition, power supply, local market, transport facilities, a supply of raw materials, financial assistance, etc.

Immunisation is a process of administration (injecting) of vaccine into a healthy person in order to develop immunity against a disease. Immunity means the ability of a body to recognise, destroy and eliminate external disease causing agents. This immunisation through administering vaccine is called vaccination. Vaccine contains disease-causing organisms in a diluted or weakened form or in living or dead form. It prevents further infection by microbes from causing the disease. The diseases like small pox, rabies, diphtheria chicken pox, polio, hepatitis are controlled by vaccination. Small pox is eliminated from the world through a world wide vaccination programme.

Correct Answer is: (d) Tidal

There are two ways of prevention of infectious diseases. They are general ways and specific ways. 

(i) General ways of prevention:- Public hygiene is most important for prevention of infectious diseases. Proper and sufficient food for everyone will make people healthy to resist infection. Air borne diseases can be prevented by living in conditions that are not crowded. Water borne diseases can be prevented by providing safe drinking water. Vector borne diseases can be prevented by providing clean environment. 

(ii) Specific ways of prevention:- The specific ways to prevent infectious disease is immunisation by taking vaccines. Vaccines provide immunity from infectious diseases like tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, polio etc. Our body has an immune system which fights microbial infection. When this system first sees an infectious microbe, it kills the microbe and remembers it. So if the microbe enters the body the next time, it responds more vigorously. Vaccines mimic infectious microbe and strengthen our immune system and protect the body from infectious diseases.

1. Bhadravati.

2. Davangere.

3. Bagasse and Molasses

4. Cement.

5. Bengaluru.

Immunisation gives a very good level of protection against many serious diseases.

It uses your body's natural defence mechanism, the immune response, to build resistance to specific infection.

Correct Answer is: (c) Siberia

D) Kanya Kumari is nearer to Equator

Correct option is A) Wheat

C) North – east monsoon season

1. Small pox 

2. Chicken pox 

3. Measles 

4. Mumps 

5. Poliomelitis

True

Viruses do not use biochemical pathways and as such it is no possible for antibiotics to act against viruses.

False

Viruses need a host body to replicate and as such it is impossible for viruses to live without a host.

There are three reasons why we immunise children. 

• First, immunisation prevents children from becoming ill with unpleasant and serious infectious diseases, which have a risk of complications and long-term side effects. 
• Second, we immunise to try and help protect all children in the population. The more people who are immunised, the less of the infectious disease there is around so the less chance there is of anyone catching it. When levels of immunisation against an infectious disease are really, really high - then something happens called 'herd immunity' where the risk of the disease occurring is so low that even those who cannot be immunised are unlikely to be affected. 
• Third, we immunise to try and wipe out as many infectious diseases as we can everywhere in the world.