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Jet – stream winds change according to the season. As the sun moves towards the southern direction, all the winds along with atmospheric belts move towards the south. According to this process, the flow of jet stream also moves to south. On moving towards the south, due to the location of Tibetan Plateau, jet stream winds are divided into two branches. Its northern branch moves to the north of Tibetan Plateau and the southern branch moves to the south of Tibetan Plateau.

La – Nina is the new concept of Monsoon. It originates due to the change in nature of oceanic temperature in the South Pacific Ocean near the coast of Peru. Near to Christmas, the temperature of oceanic water reduces by 2° or 4°C in the South Pacific Ocean near the coast of Peru. This condition of reduction in temperature is called La-Nina effect.

The word monsoon is originated from the Arabian word ‘Mausim’, which means weather or season. In this way, the seasonal condition is called the monsoon.

Correct option is (b) Sham Sharan Negi

The above statement is False. Reasons :

• Election should be conducted in a free and fair environment. 
• If the elections are not held in free environment then there are chances of malpractices and corruption. 
• Then, it will be impossible to elect the honest and efficient candidates.

Correct option is (a) President

• It is difficult for the people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to get representation as they are scattered in different parts. 
• Without a representative it is difficult to discuss their problems in Parliament.
• Lack of representative will hinder their progress. Hence some constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. 
• Some constituencies are kept reserved for Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribes. 
• Every political party has an election symbol. 
• At the time of voting and counting of votes, the official representatives of political parties remain present. 
• Recognised parties have equal opportunity to present their side before media such as television and radio.

(1) The Election Commission of India formed constituencies for Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly. 

(2) The Election Commission had decided upon the constituencies before the first election. As the years passed, there was a lot of migration of the people for business and other activities from the villages to cities. 

(3) This changed the demography to large extent. Number of voters in some constituencies reduced while in some it increased to a very great extent. This disturbed the ratio of- seats allotted as compared to population in those constituencies. 

(4) Hence, the need to readjust the constituencies arose. The Delimitation Commission of the election commission does the work of reorganising or restructuring of constituencies.

The above statement is False. Reasons :

• The entire process of conducting elections is entrusted upon and managed by the Election Commission. 
• If this responsibility is given to the state government it may adopt a biased approach. 
• Hence, the Constitution has formed the Election Commission an independent body to carry out the responsibility.

Therefore, it is decided by the Election Commission as to when and in how many stages it will conduct elections.

Correct option is (d) 1951-52.

Correct option is (b) Delimitation

Modern democracy is a representative democracy. In a democracy it is not possible to involve the entire population in the ecision-making process. This resulted in the starting of the practice of electing some people on behalf of entire population as representatives who would run the government. The representatives who form the government are expected to be responsible to the people and give preference to the welfare of the people.

• Direct and Indirect or representative democracy rire two types of democracy.
• In modem nation-states; the population has increased to a great èxtent. 
• So it is impossible to involve all the people in decision-making process. 
• Thus, the practice of electing some people on behalf of entire population as representatives started. 
• The elected representatives form government and work for the welfare of the people.

To increase the credibility of elections the following measures should be taken :

• 50% seats should be reserved for women candidates by every party. 
• Candidates with a criminal background should be permanently barred from contesting any elections. 
• The misuse of money should be stopped during elections. The government should incur the expenditure. 
• Candidates who resort to malpractices should be immediately booked. A strict inquiry and action should be taken against them by the court. 
• Laws and regulations should be followed strictly by the political parties before giving election tickets. 
• If the political parties do not co-operate with the above terms, the Election Commission should cancel their recognition.

• There is great importance in political and social equality in democracy. 
• According to this ideology, ‘One Vote One Value’ is very important. 
• In a democracy, each vote has the same value. The value of the vote of a Prime Minister and a common man is same. 
• Under military rule or dictatorship or during monarchy the value of a vote for privileged classes was more. There was no importance given to the vote of the common man. 
• One Man One Vote’ indicates all the people in the country have same status. This is the gift of democracy.

The above statement is True. Reasons :

• Sometimes, the representative of Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha or the local self governmènt resigns from his/her constituençy. 
• In some cases, death of the representative occurs. 
• In such special situations, the Election Commission has to conduct an election for a second time. It is called By-elections.

The battery operated Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) has more advantages than the ballot box. They are as follows :

• It saves tonnes of paper used to make ballot paper. 
• So, it conserves the environment as it stops the reckless cutting of trees required to make paper.
• If the voter does not wish to cast his vote in favour of any candidate contesting, he can make use of NOTA (None Of The Above). 
• It makes counting of the votes much faster which enables the election officer to declare result in a short time. 
• It is helpful for disabled (Divyanga) people to cast vote.

Correct option is (c) Divyanga

In India, the Election Commission is central to the process of elections. Art. 324 of the Indian Constitution has established this autonomous body which consists of one Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners.

1. One of the most important features of a democratic nation is elections at regular intervals. Holding free and fair elections at regular intervals is essential for a democratic system. 

2. Under the Article 324 of the Constitution, Election Commission was formed in 1950. The President appoints one Chief Election Commissioner and two additional commissioners. It is an autonomous body. 

3. The rank and powers of all the three commissioners are the same. The declaration of dates of the elections to the announcement of the results the entire procedure is monitored by the Election Commission. 

4. The Election Commission does not have its own staff to carry out this procedure. So they carry out the work with help of government employees and teachers. Special provisions are made for all finances incurred by the Election Commission.

(1) The Election Commission in India has one Chief Election Commissioner and two other Chief Commissioners. 

(2) All the commissioners are appointed by the President. 

(3) The Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service or. Indian Administrative Service. 

(4) The responsibility of conducting free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures lies with the Election Commissioner. 

(5) In order do safeguard the independence of the Election Commissioner, he cannot be easily removed from the post for any political reasons.

• All political parties should get a fair chance to express their agenda. 
• Their ideas and philosophy should reach the people. 
• Television and radio are owned by the government. 
• Political parties have equal right on both. 
• Hence, all the recognised parties can express their opinion on Doordarshan and Radio.

It is important to conduct elections because of the following reasons :

• The existence and working of democracy depends on elections. 
• All political parties get a chance to rule.
• Elections help to bring a change in power through peaceful meAnswer: 
• It not only changes government policies but also society.

1. From the first election in 1951-52 till 1999, elections were held using ballot box. Twenty lakh ballot boxes were used in the first election. Voters used to cast his or her vote by stamping in front of the candidate’s name and put them in the metal boxes. 

2. Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first used for 5 seats in Rajasthan, 5 seats in Madhya Pradesh and 6 seats in New Delhi 1998 in Legislative Assembly. 

3. EVM machines were used at all polling booths in the general elections held in 2004. It proved to be a very useful device. 

4. It has been improvised since its first use. Due to the use of EVMs the results are declared early and at a very fast rate.

German meteorologist Flohn told that fronts originate by the conjunction of the two trade winds moving towards the equatorial low pressure. These fronts are considered to be the Creator of Monsoon.

The following are the conditions for voting

• The person should be a citizen of India. 
• He should have completed 18 years of age. 
• His name should appear in voters’ list. 
• The person should have photo identity card issued by the Election Commission of India.

The front formed by trade winds moves to the south in winter. Along with it, the movement of atmospheric pressure belts towards the south causes to increase the impact of sub – tropical high pressure in India. So, the anti – cyclonic conditions originate and monsoon starts gaining momentum.

(1) After the announcement of elections till the declaration of results, the Election Commission enforces the Code of Conduct. 

(2) It explains the rules to be followed by the government, political parties candidates and voters before and during elections. 

(3) Code of conduct is adopted to control malpractices during elections. It ensure free and fair ecections.

The above statement is True. Reason:

• It ensures free and fair elections.
• Maipractices during the election come under control. 
• Due to the strict observance of the code of conduct in the last few’ elections, the common voters have become confident.

Correct option is (c) 324

Flohn propounded the Inter Tropical Convergence hypothesis, which is related to the convergence of winds. According to it, the monsoon originates by the fronts and by the movement of wind belts.

There is an inverse relation between the temperature and atmospheric pressure of a region. If temperature rises, atmospheric pressure decreases. If. temperature decreases, atmospheric pressure increases.

• India has a multi-party system with recognition accorded to national, state and regional level parties by the Election Commission. 
• Their recognition depends on the voting percentage received by them in the assembly elections and number of elected representatives of their party. 
• If any party does not fulfill these criteria, its recognition is cancelled. 
• The Election Commission allots appropriate symbols to parties and independent candidates. All political parties should have recognition of the Election Commission.

1. If only one family has domination on the political party because of dynasty rule then others are not given leadership opportunity. 

2. It is impossible to have all the members of the family efficient. An inefficient heir can cause damage to the party. 

3. The growth and expansion of party comes to a halt because of such heir. His faults seep into the party making it weak in the long term. 

4. The nature of such a party become dictatorial. Opposing views are suppressed and the internal democracy in the party vanishes. 

5. If the heir does not have progressive thoughts then the party becomes regressive and of obsolete ideology. 

6. How political parties suffer due to family monopoly in the party?

7. What do you understand by the system of ‘one vote one value’?

• There are incidences of duplicate voters who register in multiple constituencies. 
• There are cases of rigging of EVM or booth capturing. 
• Such incidences are brought to light by representatives who are present at polling centres. 
• During the counting process, if the EVM machine looks tampered, the representative can raise an objection.

The following rules should be included in Code of Conduct for voters :

• The voters who abstain from voting should be fined and government should suspend all the facilities given to them. 
• If it is proved that the voter has accepted money or any kind of gifts, he should be punished. 
• The action of voters should not instigate common people. 
• They should not involve in bogus voting. 
• They should not resort to illegal means for voting.
• The candidate distributes items of household use. 
• Promise made to resolve the water problem if elected. 
• To go from door to door to meet voters and request them to vote. 
• To appeal on the basis of caste and religion to get support.

Correct option is (c) Multi-party.

Correct option is (d) 543

The branch of jet stream that blows to the south of Tibetan Plateau reaches to 20° – 25° northern latitude in the winter and causes cyclonic turbulence.

According to Spate, the process of formation of fronts in summer is stronger, while during winter, this process becomes weaker and slow.

Correct option is (b) Election Commission

The classical hypothesis is related with various properties in terms of distribution of land and water and their heat and heat release.

(c) in the southern part of Pacific Ocean

Indian economy depends on agriculture at large and the process of Indian agriculture mainly depends on monsoon, that’s why, the Indian economy depends on monsoon.

The position of the sun in winter is toward the south, it means, that the sun shines straightly on the Tropic of Capricorn. As a result, the flow of jet stream along with the zones of atmospheric pressure and zones of all winds starts moving towards the south.

The meteorologists who consider a close relation between jet stream and origin of monsoon are Koteshwaram, Pant, Ramamurthy, Ramaswami, Flohn, Hamilton etc.

Jet – stream hypothesis is the latest theory regarding the origin of monsoon and has earned worldwide acceptance from the meteorologists. Under this hypothesis, the responsible factors for the origin of monsoon are not only the climatic conditions, but the wind circulation in the troposphere is also equally responsible. The winds blowing in the troposphere are called the high level air circulation. In this circulation, wind with rapid speed blows, that is known as the Jet Stream. With the seasonal changes, these winds get displaced and thus the summer and winter monsoons originate

Jet – stream and winter monsoon: In the winter, as the sun moves towards the southern direction, all the winds along with the atmospheric belts start moving towards south. At the same time, Jet – stream also moves towards the south. The location of Tibetan plateau divides the jet stream into two branches. One of its branches starts moving to the south of Tibetan Plateau. Due to the movement of the zone of winds towards south, the southern flow of jet Stream falls between 20° to 25° northern latitudes. This is why “the origin of winter monsoon takes place in India. The entrance of cyclonic disturbance in India is also a gift of this current.

Jet – Stream and summer monsoon: As the sun starts moving towards the north, the zones of atmospheric pressure along with the zones of all the winds also start moving to the north. In this period, the flow of jet streams also moves to the north of Tibetan Plateau. Due to such condition, winds blow from the Indian Ocean region towards the north. Rainfall occurs due to abundance of humidity in these oceanic winds which is responsible for the summer monsoon in India.

Tibetan Plateau affects the mechanism of Indian monsoon in the following manner: 

1. It provides a high level energy source that has a notable impact on the monsoon. 

2. There is a high atmospheric pressure area over this plateau, which is the part of sub tropical high atmospheric pressure belt. 

3. This plateau region works as a blocking object. 

4. Due to its height, it receives higher temperature in comparison to its neighboring areas and it affects the wind circulation in two ways, as a blocking object and as a high level energy source. 

5. A great role of Tibetan plateau seen in jet – stream deviation. 

6. In winter season, Tibetan plateau gets very cold, so jet stream gets shifted towards the south in mid – October. 

7. In summer season, this region forms anticyclones in the form of a hot core.

According to Classical hypothesis, the opposite nature of water and land is responsible for the origin of Summer Monsoon. According to this hypothesis, land area takes less time to get warm and’ cold, while water takes more time to get warm and cold. In summer season, due to land getting warmed up quickly, low air pressure is developed. On the other hand, water not getting warmed up quickly remains cold, and hence high air pressure is developed there. Thus, in this season, winds start blowing from sea to land. Due to being originated from sea, these winds contain humidity and thus heavy rainfall is caused by these winds.

The word monsoon has originated from the Arabian word ‘Mausim’, which means weather or season. Monsoon is a seasonal change in the prevailing wind direction that usually arrives with different kind of weather. It almost refers to the Asian Monsoon, a large region extending from India to south – east Asia where monsoon conditions prevail. Agriculture, agriculture – based industries and all other aspects related to Indian economy largely depend upon the monsoon.

In summer, the sun moves towards the north, it means, it shines straight over the Tropic of Cancer. As a result, all the air pressure belts as well as the winds belts also start moving towards the north. Thus, the complete flow of jet stream begins moving towards the north of Tibetan plateau in the form of a major current. As a result of the movement of this flow towards the north, winds start blowing from the Indian ocean region to the north. This is the process of the formation of Summer Monsoon.

The winds that blow from the sub – tropical high air pressure belt to the equatorial low air pressure belt are called trade winds. In ancient time, these winds helped in trade and business so they are named as trade winds.